城市热岛效应对气温的影响

城市热岛效应对气温的影响

Inner cities as well as suburbs show distinctly warmer temperatures--known as the urban heat island effect--than rural areas as a result of land use and human activities, which can affect rainfall, air quality and public health. A University of Georgia study using a new method for calculating urban heat island intensities1 clarifies the conflict on whether urban density2 or sprawl3 amplify4 these effects more. It also provides a ranking of the top urban heat island cities among the 50 largest metropolitan5 statistical6 areas.

The urban heat island effect describes how the spatial7 configuration8 of cities, the materials in them (such as asphalt), lack of vegetation and waste heat can modify temperature.

The study, published in the journal Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, identifies Salt Lake City, Miami and Louisville as the top three urban heat island cities in the U.S.

Urban morphology--the patterns of a city's physical configuration and the process of its development--has long been associated with the formation of urban heat islands. By examining the UHI intensities of 50 cities with various urban morphologies, the researchers evaluated the degree to which city configuration influences the UHI effect.

"The overall goal of our study was to clarify which urban form--sprawl or more-dense development--is most appropriate for UHI mitigation," said the study's lead author Neil Debbage, doctoral student in the Franklin College of Arts and Sciences' department of geography.

The study establishes a method for estimating UHI intensities using PRISM--Parameter-elevation9 Relationships on Independent Slopes Model--climate data, an analytical10 model that creates gridded estimates by incorporating climatic variables (temperature and precipitation), expert knowledge of climatic events (rain shadows, temperature inversions11 and coastal12 regimes) and digital elevation.

The use of spatially13 gridded temperature data, rather than urban versus14 rural point comparisons, represents a new method for calculating a city's canopy15 heat island intensity16. The results identify the spatial contiguity17 of developed areas as a significant factor influencing the magnitude of the heat island effect.

"Not just whether cities have high-density development, but how the built infrastructure18 is connected--and disconnected by green spaces--has a great impact on heat island intensity," said study co-author Marshall Shepherd, the UGA Athletic19 Association Distinguished20 Professor of Geography and Atmospheric21 Sciences.

1 intensities

n.强烈( intensity的名词复数 )；（感情的）强烈程度；强度；烈度

参考例句：

At very high intensities, nuclear radiations cause itching and tingling of the skin. 当核辐射强度很高时，它能使皮肤感到发痒和刺痛。 来自辞典例句

They ask again and again in a variety of ways and intensities. 他们会以不同的方式和强度来不停地问，直到他得到自己想要的答案为止。 来自互联网

2 density

n.密集，密度，浓度

参考例句：

The population density of that country is 685 per square mile.那个国家的人口密度为每平方英里685人。

The region has a very high population density.该地区的人口密度很高。

3 sprawl

vi.躺卧，扩张，蔓延；vt.使蔓延；n.躺卧，蔓延

参考例句：

In our garden,bushes are allowed to sprawl as they will.在我们园子里，灌木丛爱怎么蔓延就怎么蔓延。

He is lying in a sprawl on the bed.他伸开四肢躺在床上。

4 amplify

vt.放大，增强；详述，详加解说

参考例句：

The new manager wants to amplify the company.新经理想要扩大公司。

Please amplify your remarks by giving us some examples.请举例详述你的话。

5 metropolitan

adj.大城市的，大都会的

参考例句：

Metropolitan buildings become taller than ever.大城市的建筑变得比以前更高。

Metropolitan residents are used to fast rhythm.大都市的居民习惯于快节奏。

6 statistical

adj.统计的，统计学的

参考例句：

He showed the price fluctuations in a statistical table.他用统计表显示价格的波动。

They're making detailed statistical analysis.他们正在做具体的统计分析。

7 spatial

adj.空间的，占据空间的

参考例句：

This part of brain judges the spatial relationship between objects.大脑的这部分判断物体间的空间关系。

They said that time is the feeling of spatial displacement.他们说时间是空间位移的感觉。

8 configuration

n.结构，布局，形态，(计算机)配置

参考例句：

Geographers study the configuration of the mountains.地理学家研究山脉的地形轮廓。

Prices range from $119 to $199,depending on the particular configuration.价格因具体配置而异，从119美元至199美元不等。

9 elevation

n.高度；海拔；高地；上升；提高

参考例句：

The house is at an elevation of 2,000 metres.那幢房子位于海拔两千米的高处。

His elevation to the position of General Manager was announced yesterday.昨天宣布他晋升总经理职位。

10 analytical

adj.分析的；用分析法的

参考例句：

I have an analytical approach to every survey.对每项调查我都采用分析方法。

As a result,analytical data obtained by analysts were often in disagreement.结果各个分析家所得的分析数据常常不一致。

11 inversions

倒置( inversion的名词复数 )； （尤指词序）倒装； 转化； （染色体的）倒位

参考例句：

Chromosome breaks may also lead to inversions and translocations. 染色体破裂也可能引起倒位与易位。

The males suspected to have induced inversions were later used to build up stocks. 疑有诱发倒位的雄性然后用于建立原种。

12 coastal

adj.海岸的，沿海的，沿岸的

参考例句：

The ocean waves are slowly eating away the coastal rocks.大海的波浪慢慢地侵蚀着岸边的岩石。

This country will fortify the coastal areas.该国将加强沿海地区的防御。

13 spatially

空间地，存在于空间地

参考例句：

A well-defined array of stable fringes results and the field is spatially coherent. 结果得到一组完全确定的稳定条纹，而光场是空间相干的。

The units are collaged together by a serial tectonic spatially and temporally. 这些构造单元是由构造原因，依一定的时空序列拼贴在一起的。

14 versus

prep.以…为对手，对；与…相比之下

参考例句：

The big match tonight is England versus Spain.今晚的大赛是英格兰对西班牙。

The most exciting game was Harvard versus Yale.最富紧张刺激的球赛是哈佛队对耶鲁队。

15 canopy

n.天篷，遮篷

参考例句：

The trees formed a leafy canopy above their heads.树木在他们头顶上空形成了一个枝叶茂盛的遮篷。

They lay down under a canopy of stars.他们躺在繁星点点的天幕下。

16 intensity

n.强烈，剧烈；强度；烈度

参考例句：

I didn't realize the intensity of people's feelings on this issue.我没有意识到这一问题能引起群情激奋。

The strike is growing in intensity.罢工日益加剧。

17 contiguity

n.邻近，接壤

参考例句：

The contiguity of the house and the garage was a convenience in bad weather.住宅和车库毗邻，这在天气不好的时候是很方便的。

Scientists want to investigate the relation between xerophthalmia occurrence and smut contiguity.科学家们打算探讨干眼症与煤尘接触之间的关系。

18 infrastructure

n.下部构造，下部组织，基础结构，基础设施

参考例句：

We should step up the development of infrastructure for research.加强科学基础设施建设。

We should strengthen cultural infrastructure and boost various types of popular culture.加强文化基础设施建设，发展各类群众文化。

19 athletic

adj.擅长运动的，强健的；活跃的，体格健壮的

参考例句：

This area has been marked off for athletic practice.这块地方被划出来供体育训练之用。

He is an athletic star.他是一个运动明星。

20 distinguished

adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的

参考例句：

Elephants are distinguished from other animals by their long noses.大象以其长长的鼻子显示出与其他动物的不同。

A banquet was given in honor of the distinguished guests.宴会是为了向贵宾们致敬而举行的。

21 atmospheric

adj.大气的，空气的；大气层的；大气所引起的

参考例句：

Sea surface temperatures and atmospheric circulation are strongly coupled.海洋表面温度与大气环流是密切相关的。

Clouds return radiant energy to the surface primarily via the atmospheric window.云主要通过大气窗区向地表辐射能量。