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The Congressional Budget Office Monday released an update to its estimates of the effective tax rate that Americans pay, incorporating date for calendar year 2006, the most current available. The analysis covers all forms of federal taxes and provides a snapshot of how much Americans in different income brackets actually pay in federal taxes.
Among the highlights:
The overall effective federal tax rate - federal taxes as a percentage of household income - was 20.7 percent in 2006. Individual income taxes, the largest component, were 9.1 percent of household income. Payroll taxes were the next largest source, with an effective tax rate of 7.5 percent. Corporate income taxes and excise taxes were smaller, with effective tax rates of 3.4 percent and 0.7 percent.
The overall federal tax system is progressive: Effective tax rates generally rise with income. Households in the bottom fifth of the income distribution paid 4.3 percent of their income in federal taxes, while the middle quintile paid 14.2 percent, and the highest quintile paid 25.8 percent. Average rates continued to rise within the top quintile, with the top 1 percent facing an effective rate of 31.2 percent.
Higher-income groups pay a disproportionate share of federal taxes because they earn a disproportionate share of pretax income and because effective tax rates rise with income. In 2006, the highest quintile earned 55.7 percent of pretax income and paid 69.3 percent of federal taxes, while the top 1 percent of households earned 18.8 percent of income and paid 28.3 percent of taxes. In all other quintiles, the share of federal taxes was less than the income share. The bottom quintile earned 3.9 percent of income and paid 0.8 percent of taxes, while the middle quintile earned 13.2 percent of income and paid 9.1 percent of taxes.
Effective tax rates in 2006 changed only from 2005 levels. There were no significant changes in the tax law between those years, and changes in the income distribution were not enough to cause large movements in effective rates.
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