托福tpo64听力lecture1 international trade

2023-05-19 15:20:14 来源：中国教育在线

托福tpo64听力lecture1 international trade，今天中国教育在线就来为大家分析这个问题。

international trade托福听力原文翻译及问题答案

一、international trade托福听力原文：

Listen to part of a lecture in an economics class.The professor has been talking about international trade.

Professor:OK,so let's recap from yesterday.Why do nations engaged in international trade?Well,it's often because of a surplus,more than they need,and they also trade for the opposite reason when they have shortages and can't produce everything they want or need domestically.So these explanations are good as far as they go.But there's another scenario we need to discuss.And that is what if a country is capable of producing something it wants or needs but it can also import the same product from another country?Now,how does the country decide whether to make the product itself or import it?OK,take an example.Um,think about the bananas that you buy in the supermarket.If you look closely,you'll see that most bananas in the United States are imported,imported from countries with tropical climates.But the United States has warm regions.It has greenhouse.Clearly,it would be possible to grow bananas here.So why doesn't the US do that?Scott?

Student Scott:Well,it is like a lot cheaper and more efficient for countries with tropical climates,for tropical countries to grown bananas,isn't it?I mean,they don't need greenhouse to grow bananas,and they're not so limited to certain regions.

Professor:Okay,good.That's exactly right.Tropical countries have what we call an absolute advantage in producing bananas.Absolute advantage is the term we use when a country can produce more of a product using fewer resources.They're the most efficient producer of something.And the United States can't be that with bananas.So it's better off specializing in other goods that it can make more efficiently.Let's take an example,say we have two countries and say they each make only two products and they trade only with each other.Simplistic I know.But well,you'll see where I'm going with this in a moment.OK,so as I was saying,two countries,two products,one country can produce both products more efficiently than the other country.Should these two countries even trade at all?

Student Scott:Uh,well,no,I mean,like what's in it for the more efficient country?

Professor:Well,what is in it for them?Let's,um,well,let's call these countries um,X and Y.Country X makes both TVs and chairs more efficiently than country Y does.It has an absolute advantage in producing both commodities?No question.But what economists also look at is relative efficiency.And from that perspective,we see that country X is a lot more efficient at making TVs than it is at making chairs and in country Y,ah,well,it turns out they're more efficient at making chairs than TVs.So we say that country Y has a comparative advantage at chair making.And country X has a comparative advantage at TV making.So what should happen?Well,first,both countries should specialize in the production of just one thing.The product they're most efficient at making.Country X should make only TVs and country Y should make only chairs,then two of them should trade.Specialization and trade are going to lead to increase in production and increased overall supply of goods and generally lower prices.Right?

Student Scott:Professor,I still don't see how countries figure out when and where they have a comparative advantage.

Professor:Well,you can't fully understand the concept of comparative advantage without also considering the related concept of opportunity cost.Opportunity cost is what you lose,uh,the options you have to give up in order to use your time and resources for something else,countries can determine where their comparative advantages lies,uh,like making TVs instead of chairs by figuring out what they can make with the lowest opportunity cost.Ah,you know,maybe this will be clear if we apply it on a personal level.Now think about when you go out to a movie,your direct monetary cost is the price of the movie ticket.Right?But you also spend two hours at the theater.Your opportunity cost includes both,uh,whatever else you could have spent your money on.Um,ten candy bars may be and whatever else you could have accomplished during the time you were watching the movies,uh,you might have completed your homework for this class,or you might have work two hours overtime at your job,thereby earning instead of spending money.See,these lost possibilities are your opportunity cost.

二、international trade托福听力中文翻译：

听经济学课上的部分讲座。这位教授一直在谈论国际贸易。

教授：好的，让我们回顾一下昨天的情况。各国为什么参与国际贸易？嗯，这通常是因为盈余，超过了他们的需要，当他们出现短缺，无法在国内生产他们想要或需要的一切时，他们也会出于相反的原因进行贸易。所以这些解释就其本身而言是好的。但我们还需要讨论另一种情况。如果一个国家有能力生产它想要或需要的东西，但它也可以从另一个国家进口同样的产品，那该怎么办？现在，国家如何决定是自己生产还是进口？好，举个例子。嗯，想想你在超市买的香蕉。如果你仔细观察，你会发现美国大多数香蕉都是从热带气候国家进口的。但美国有温暖的地区。它有一个温室。显然，在这里种植香蕉是可能的。那么美国为什么不这么做呢？斯科特？

学生斯科特：对热带气候国家来说，种植香蕉更便宜、更有效，不是吗？我的意思是，他们不需要温室种植香蕉，他们也不局限于某些地区。

教授：好的，很好。没错。热带国家在生产香蕉方面拥有我们所说的绝对优势。绝对优势是指一个国家可以用更少的资源生产更多的产品。他们是最有效率的生产商。美国的香蕉可不是这样的。因此，最好是专门从事其他可以更有效地生产的商品。让我们举一个例子，假设我们有两个国家，他们各自只生产两种产品，并且只与对方进行贸易。我知道这太简单了。但你马上就会明白我的意思了。正如我所说，两个国家，两种产品，一个国家可以比另一个国家更有效地生产这两种产品。这两个国家甚至应该进行贸易吗？

学生史考特：嗯，不，我的意思是，对于一个效率更高的国家来说，有什么好处？

教授：那么，这对他们有什么好处呢？让我们把这些国家称为X和Y。X国比Y国生产电视和椅子的效率更高。它在生产这两种商品方面有绝对优势吗？毫无疑问。但经济学家也关注相对效率。从这个角度来看，我们看到X国制造电视的效率要比制造椅子的效率高得多，而在Y国，啊，事实证明他们制作椅子的效率要高于电视。所以我们说Y国在椅子制造方面具有比较优势。X国在电视制作方面具有比较优势。那么应该怎么办呢？首先，两国都应该专注于一种产品的生产。他们最有效率的产品。X国应该只生产电视机，Y国应该只制造椅子，然后他们中的两个应该交易。专业化和贸易将导致生产增加，商品总供应增加，价格普遍下降。正当

学生史考特：教授，我仍然不明白各国是如何判断何时何地具有比较优势的。

教授：如果不考虑机会成本的相关概念，你就不可能完全理解比较优势的概念。机会成本是你失去的，呃，你必须放弃的选择。为了把你的时间和资源用在其他事情上，国家可以通过计算出他们可以用最低的机会成本制造什么来确定他们的比较优势在哪里，比如制造电视而不是椅子。啊，你知道，如果我们把它应用到个人层面，也许这会很清楚。现在想想当你出去看电影时，你的直接金钱成本就是电影票的价格。正当但你也会在剧院待上两个小时。你的机会成本包括，呃，你可以花钱买的任何东西。嗯，十块糖果可能是，或者你在看电影的时候可以完成的任何东西，呃，可能你已经完成了这门课的作业，或者你可能在工作中加班两个小时，从而挣钱而不是花钱。看，这些失去的可能性是你的机会成本。

三、international trade托福听力问题：

Q1:What is the lecture mainly about?

A.Advantages that countries can gain by making their own goods

B.Inequalities that lead to trade imbalances between countries

C.Cost and efficiency concepts that help determine trade decisions

D.Ways in which local surpluses can affect international trade

Q2:Why does the professor talk about growing bananas in countries with tropical climates?

A.To show how opportunity costs affect agricultural production

B.To explain how demand for a product determines its cost

C.To describe how domestic shortages are created

D.To illustrate the concept of absolute advantage

Q3:According to the professor,what indicates that a country has an absolute advantage in trade?

A.It can produce an item more efficiently than other countries.

B.It is wealthy enough to import everything that it needs.

C.It consistently exports more than it imports.

D.It does not have to import any goods from other countries.

Q4:The professor gives an example of two countries that produce televisions and chairs.What does she predict will happen if the economic decisions of both countries are based on the principle of comparative advantage?[Click on 2 answers.]

A.The prices of televisions and chairs will go down in both countries.

B.More chairs and televisions will be manufactured in each country.

C.Imports of televisions and chairs will decrease in each country.

D.The total supply of televisions and chairs will increase in both countries.

Q5:Why does the professor talk about going to the movies?

A.To demonstrate the difference between absolute and comparative advantage

B.To provide an example to help explain the concept of opportunity costs

C.To illustrate the advantages of specialization in the entertainment industry

D.To show that economic theories do not always apply on a personal level

Q6:Why does the professorsaythis:

A.To reassure the students that the example will help illustrate her point

B.To apologize to the students for using an example that is difficult to understand