托福tpo68听力lecture1 Two Ancient Arctic Cultures原文翻译及问题答案

托福tpo68听力lecture1 Two Ancient Arctic Cultures原文翻译及问题答案，今天中国教育在线就来为大家分析这个问题。

Two Ancient Arctic Cultures托福听力原文翻译及问题答案

一、Two Ancient Arctic Cultures托福听力原文：

Professor:OK,let’s look at two specific ancient cultures of the arctic,both of which lived on the far northern edge of the continent,the Dorset and the Thule.The Dorset culture began around eight hundred BC and ranged to cross most of arctic Canada.The Thule,well,they lived in the same area,but about twelve hundred years later.Both groups left some beautiful art behind,really are best evidence that these folks even existed.And although these two cultures lived in the same region,each group approached their art in very different ways.

Alright,so the Dorset culture.Archaeologists have unearthed hundreds of Dorset sculptures mostly carve from ivory or bone and sometimes stone.They were mostly small sculptures of animal or human figures.And our best guess is that they were probably used mainly for religious purposes.The main subject of Dorset animal sculptures is the polar bear.Some of these polar bears are represented in naturalistic or realistic ways,but usually,their abstracted or stylized that is to say less realistic.Here is a typical polar bear sculpture.It's carved from ivory,we call these artifacts flying or floating polar bears,because,because they look like the polar bears doing just that flying or floating.Notice the distinctive markings,they seem to mark out the skeleton or joints of the bear.

While polar bears were favorite subject,the Dorset created sculptures of other animals too,like seals and caribou which were represented in a more realistic fashion.We speculate that if the Dorset feared or respected a particular animal,they were more likely to present it in a stylized way,like with the polar bear,which,of course,is a large dangerous predator,maybe,it was a way of dealing with their fear.We also have Dorset’s sculptures whose meaning is more allusive.I'm talking about horns with many human faces carved into them.What's remarkable about these sculptures is the variety of facial types in expressions that appear on the single horn.If only the people represented on these artifacts could answer our questions,it tells us whether they are ancestors or residents of villager or what.

Okay,let's switch to Thule art,which differs from Dorset art in,in some important ways.Interestingly,Thule artwork wasn't generally influenced by the earlier Dorset culture.It seems it would’ve grown out of a separate tradition that originated in Alaska.Thule artwork was most likely used to decorate common objects such as tools with attractive designs,we can't be entirely sure about this.However,we've tried to interpret the symbolic designs into the art.But of course,it's impossible to confirm the accuracy of such interpretations.What we do know is that the Thule people made extensive use of engravings,they drove the small holes and carve lines into various materials.These engravings,engraved patterns,rather,are found on the diverse group of artifacts,things ranging from weapons to jewelry to cones and boxes.Here's some examples.It's hard to see,but most of these objects do have engravings on them.Thule art was more of a graphic art.Uh,more like drawing.Many of their designs are geometric and abstract.Others containing engravings of human and animal figures.

For instance,the long skinny object,among left,has a face at the top.We’ve also found the tool handle with hunting and camp scenes carved into it.As far as Thule’s sculpture goes,there is only a few small objects in wooden dowels like the one in the bottom right-hand corner.These have either no facial features or very rudimentary ones,less detailed,less individualized than the faces of Dorset’s sculpture.

One scholar has argued that this difference resulted from the nature of Thule’s society which was built around group hunting expeditions on the ocean.This hunting approach required a great deal of cooperation which may have led to a kind of an overall uniformity in their art.And emphasis on commonality rather than individuality,which probably explains why there’re human figures like the faces or had standardized faces that all look similar.The most famous of the few Thule sculptures are the ones of birds in creatures that are part bird and part woman.While the sculpture is probably had some symbolic purpose,patterns of holes were drilled into them too.So,in general compared with artwork of the Dorset,Thule art probably had a more decorative or utilitarian function.

二、Two Ancient Arctic Cultures托福听力中文翻译：

教授：好的，让我们看看北极的两种特定的古代文化，它们都生活在北极大陆的最北端，多塞特和图勒。多塞特文化始于公元前800年左右，横跨加拿大大部分北极地区。图勒人，嗯，他们住在同一个地区，但大约在1200年后。这两个群体都留下了一些美丽的艺术，真的是这些人存在的最好证据。尽管这两种文化生活在同一个地区，但每个群体都以非常不同的方式对待他们的艺术。

好吧，多塞特文化。考古学家已经出土了数百件多塞特雕塑，大多是象牙或骨头雕刻的，有时是石头雕刻的。它们大多是动物或人像的小型雕塑。我们最好的猜测是，它们可能主要用于宗教目的。多塞特动物雕塑的主要主题是北极熊。这些北极熊中的一些以自然主义或现实主义的方式表现出来，但通常是抽象化或程式化的，也就是说不太现实。这是一个典型的北极熊雕塑。它是用象牙雕刻而成的，我们称之为飞行或漂浮的北极熊，因为它们看起来就像北极熊在飞行或漂浮。注意这些独特的标记，它们似乎标出了熊的骨架或关节。

虽然北极熊是最受欢迎的主题，但多塞特人也创作了其他动物的雕塑，如海豹和驯鹿，它们以更真实的方式表现出来。我们推测，如果多塞特人害怕或尊重某一特定动物，他们更有可能以一种程式化的方式来表达它，就像北极熊一样，北极熊当然是一种危险的大型食肉动物，也许这是一种应对恐惧的方式。我们还有多塞特的雕塑，其含义更为含蓄。我说的是刻着许多人脸的角。这些雕塑最引人注目的是单角上表情的多样性。如果这些文物上的人物能够回答我们的问题，它就能告诉我们他们是祖先还是村民或者什么。

好的，让我们切换到图勒艺术，它在一些重要方面与多塞特艺术不同。有趣的是，图勒艺术作品通常不受早期多塞特文化的影响。它似乎是从起源于阿拉斯加的一个独立的传统发展而来的。图勒艺术品最有可能被用来装饰常见的物品，如设计精美的工具，我们对此不能完全确定。然而，我们试图将象征性设计解释为艺术。但当然，不可能证实这种解释的准确性。我们所知道的是，图勒人广泛使用雕刻，他们在各种材料上刻出小孔和线条。这些雕刻品，雕刻图案，可以在各种各样的手工艺品上找到，从武器到珠宝，再到圆锥体和盒子。这里有一些例子。很难看到，但大多数这些物体上都有雕刻。图勒艺术更多的是一种平面艺术。呃，更像是画画。他们的许多设计都是几何和抽象的。其他包含人类和动物雕像的雕刻品。

例如，左侧的细长对象在顶部有一个面。我们还发现了刻有狩猎和营地场景的工具手柄。就图勒的雕塑而言，木质销钉中只有少数小物件，如右下角的那个。这些雕塑要么没有面部特征，要么非常原始，没有多塞特雕塑的面部那么细致，没有那么个性化。

一位学者认为，这种差异源于图勒社会的性质，该社会是围绕着海洋上的集体狩猎探险而建立的。这种狩猎方式需要大量的合作，这可能会导致他们的艺术整体上的一致性。强调共性而非个性，这可能解释了为什么有像脸一样的人形，或者有标准化的脸，看起来都很相似。为数不多的图勒雕塑中最著名的是鸟类雕塑，这些雕塑中的生物一半是鸟，一半是女人。虽然这座雕塑可能有一些象征意义，但也在上面钻了一些洞的图案。因此，总体而言，与多塞特的艺术品相比，图勒艺术可能具有更具装饰性或实用性的功能。

三、Two Ancient Arctic Cultures托福听力问题：

Q1:What is the main purpose of the lecture?

A.To examine the extent to which Thule and Dorset art influenced the artwork of other arctic cultures

B.To examine how Thule and Dorset designs changed over time

C.To compare and contrast artwork from two ancient arctic cultures

D.To discuss how the natural world is shown in the artwork of two ancient arctic cultures

Q2:What does the professor imply about“flying”or“floating”polar-bear sculptures?[Click on 2 answers.]

A.They may have helped the Dorset people cope with their fear of a dangerous animal.

B.Art historians consider them to be of little religious importance to the Dorset people.

C.The Dorset people created them to demonstrate respect for polar bears.

D.They were designed to take advantage of the natural shape of the ivory.

Q3:According to the professor,what can be inferred about Dorset society based on its artwork?

A.It placed more emphasis on religious beliefs than Thule society did.

B.It relied on hunting large animals to a greater extent than Thule society did.

C.It placed an emphasis on the production of jewelry.

D.It was structured to support long ocean expeditions.

Q4:According to the professor,what appears to be the main reason that the Thule engraved holes and lines into their artifacts?

A.To honor their Alaskan ancestors

B.To illustrate the layout of their campgrounds

C.To add realism to their sculptures

D.To add decoration to their sculptures

Q5:Why does the professor mention Thule group-hunting expeditions?

A.To explain why the Thule had plenty of time to produce detailed artwork

B.To draw a connection between cooperation in finding food and uniformity in art

C.To compare Thule hunting practices with Dorset hunting practices

D.To suggest that the majority of Thule sculptures were probably lost at sea

Q6:Why does the professor saythis:

A.To suggest that the students interview descendants of Dorset people

B.To propose a topic that the students could write about

C.To ask students who they think the faces represent

D.To indicate that there is still a lot of missing information

四、Two Ancient Arctic Cultures托福听力答案：

A1:正确答案：C

A2:正确答案：AC

A3:正确答案：A

A4:正确答案：D

A5:正确答案：B

A6:正确答案：D

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