‘Self-Regulatory Focus Theory'and Leadership剑桥雅思10听力-原文翻译及答案解析

一、‘Self-Regulatory Focus Theory'and Leadership听力原文：

Today,I want to talk about self-regulatory focus theory and how the actions of leaders can affect the way followers approach different situations.

Self-regulatory focus theory is a theory developed by Tori Higgins.

He says that a person's focus at any given time is to either approach pleasure or avoid pain.

These are two basic motivations that each and every one of us has,and they cause us to have different kinds of goals.

Promotion goals in different life situations emphasise achievement.

Prevention goals are oriented towards the avoidance of punishment.

In a specific situation,our thoughts might focus more on promotion goals or more on prevention goals.

The theory suggests that two factors affect which goals we are focusing on.

First,there is a chronic factor.

This factor is connected to a person’s personality and says that each person has a basic tendency to either focus more on promotion goals or focus more on prevention goals as part of his or her personality.

Second,there is a situational factor which means that the context we are in can make us more likely to focus on one set of goals or the other.

For example,we are more likely to be thinking about pleasure and to have promotion goals when we are spending time with a friend.

In contrast,if we are working on an important project for our boss,we are more likely to try to avoid making mistakes and therefore have more prevention goals in our mind.

Research has shown that the goals we are focusing on at a given time affect the way we think.

For example,when focusing on promotion goals,people consider their ideal self,their aspirations and gains.

They don't think about what they can lose,so they think in a happier mode.

They feel more inspired to change.

When people are focusing on prevention goals,they think about their“ought”self.

What are they supposed to be?

What are people expecting from them?

They consider their obligations to others.

As a result,they experience more anxiety and try to avoid situations where they could lose.

Now that I have talked about the two focuses and how they affect people,I want to look at the idea that the way leaders behave,or their style of leading,can affect the focus that followers adopt in a specific situation.

In talking about leadership,we often mention transformational leaders and transactional leaders.

Transformational leaders,when interacting with their followers,focus on their development.

In their words and actions transformational leaders highlight change.

Their speech is passionate and conveys a definitive vision.

All of these things can encourage followers to think about what could be.

In other words,they inspire a promotion focus in their followers.

In contrast,transactional leaders focus on developing clear structures that tell their followers exactly what is expected of them.

While they do explain the rewards people will get for following orders,they emphasise more how a follower will be punished or that a follower won't get rewarded if his or her behaviour doesn't change.

In short,they emphasise the consequences of making a mistake.

This emphasis will clearly lead followers to focus on avoiding punishment and problems.

This is clearly a prevention focus.

In conclusion,it is important to understand that one focus is not necessarily better than the other one.

For a designer who works in a field where a lot of innovation is needed,a promotion focus is probably better.

In contrast,a prevention focus which causes people to work more cautiously and produce higher quality work might be very appropriate for a job like a surgeon,for example.

The main point of the research,though,is that the actions of leaders can greatly influence whether people approach a situation with more of a promotion focus or more of a prevention focus.

二、‘Self-Regulatory Focus Theory'and Leadership听力中文翻译：

今天，我想谈谈自我调节焦点理论，以及领导者的行为如何影响追随者处理不同情况的方式。

自我调节焦点理论是托里·希金斯提出的一种理论。

他说，一个人在任何时候的注意力都是要么接近快乐，要么避免痛苦。

这是我们每个人都有的两个基本动机，它们使我们有不同的目标。

不同生活环境中的晋升目标强调成就。

预防目标旨在避免惩罚。

在特定情况下，我们的想法可能更多地集中在促进目标或预防目标上。

该理论表明，有两个因素会影响我们关注的目标。

首先，有一个长期因素。

这一因素与一个人的性格有关，并表示每个人都有一个基本的倾向，要么将更多的精力放在提升目标上，要么将更多的精力放在预防目标上，作为其性格的一部分。

其次，还有一个情境因素，这意味着我们所处的环境可以使我们更可能专注于一组目标或另一组目标。

例如，当我们与朋友在一起时，我们更有可能考虑快乐，并有晋升目标。

相反，如果我们正在为老板做一个重要的项目，我们更有可能避免犯错，因此我们心中有更多的预防目标。

研究表明，我们在特定时间关注的目标会影响我们的思维方式。

例如，当关注晋升目标时，人们会考虑他们的理想自我、愿望和收获。

他们不会考虑自己会失去什么，所以他们会以更快乐的方式思考。

他们感到更有动力去改变。

当人们关注预防目标时，他们会考虑自己的“应该”自我。

它们应该是什么？

人们对他们有什么期望？

他们考虑自己对他人的义务。

结果，他们经历了更多的焦虑，并试图避免可能失败的情况。

既然我已经谈到了这两个焦点以及它们如何影响人们，我想看看领导者的行为方式或领导风格会影响追随者在特定情况下所采用的焦点。

在谈到领导力时，我们经常提到变革型领导者和交易型领导者。

变革型领导者在与追随者互动时，关注他们的发展。

变革型领导人在他们的言行中强调了变革。

他们的演讲充满激情，传达了明确的愿景。

所有这些都可以鼓励追随者思考可能发生的事情。

换言之，他们激发了追随者的晋升重点。

相比之下，交易型领导者专注于开发清晰的结构，告诉他们的追随者对他们的期望。

虽然他们确实解释了人们会因遵守命令而获得的奖励，但他们更强调了追随者将如何受到惩罚，或者如果其行为没有改变，追随者将不会得到奖励。

简而言之，他们强调犯错误的后果。

这种强调显然会引导追随者专注于避免惩罚和问题。

这显然是一个预防重点。

总之，重要的是要理解一个重点不一定比另一个好。

对于在需要大量创新的领域工作的设计师来说，以促销为重点可能更好。

相反，以预防为重点，使人们更加谨慎地工作，并产生更高质量的工作，可能非常适合像外科医生这样的工作。

然而，这项研究的主要观点是，领导者的行为可以极大地影响人们处理一种情况时是更注重促进还是更注重预防。

三、‘Self-Regulatory Focus Theory'and Leadership听力问题：

Question 31-40

Complete the notes below.

Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.'Self-regulatory focus theory'and leadership

Self-regulatory focus theory

Peopled focus is to approach pleasure or avoid pain

Promotion goals focus on

Prevention goals emphasise avoiding punishment

Factors that affect people's focus

The Chronic Factor

comes from one’s TheFactor

we are more likely to focus on promotion goals when with a we are more likely to focus on prevention goals with our boss How people's focus affects them

Promotion Focus:People think about an ideal version of themselves,their

and their gains.

Prevention Focus:People think about their‘ought’self and their obligations

Leaders

Leadership behaviour and affects people’s focus

Transformational Leaders:

pay special attention to the of their followerspassionately communicate a clear inspire promotion focus in followers Transactional Leaders:

createto make expectations clearemphasise the results of a mistakeinspire prevention focus in followers Conclusion

Promotion Focus is good for jobs requiring

Prevention Focus is good for work such as a surgeon

Leaders’actions affect which focus people use

四、‘Self-Regulatory Focus Theory'and Leadership听力答案：

31.achievement/achievements

32.personality/character

33.Situational

34.friend

35.aspirations/ambitions

36.style

37.development

38.vision

39.structures

40.innovation/innovations

五、‘Self-Regulatory Focus Theory'and Leadership听力答案解析

31.achievement考查晋升目标应强调................。原文中第一次出现promotion goals要注意，后面接着说emphasise achievement，这里emphasise与题目中的focus on相对应，所以答案确定是achievement。

32.personality 32~34都出现在Factors that affect people’s focus的小标题下，这道题目考的是长期原因，注意“长期”，这个词chronic即使不认识也没关系，可以试着拼读下然后听录音中类似的发音词汇。本题好在直接出现原词，考生可以听到First,there is a chronic factor.注意后面的信息，This factor is connected to a person’s personality，所以确定答案是personality。

33.Situational这个题要填写与The Chronic Factor相对应的词，所以该答案要首字母大写。因为32题处出现了First，考生要注意听Second一词。原文出现Second,there is a situational factor...，确定答案是Situational。

34.friend这道题需要填写一个单数名词，34题所在句子与下面一行的句子结构相似，根据下面的句子...focus on prevention goals with our boss可知这里我们要填写一个与人相关的词。考生可以听到...have promotion goals when we are spending time with a friend，所以确定答案是friend。

35.aspirations本题填写与goals相并列的词，应该是名词复数形式或者不可数名词。

考生可以听到when focusing on promotion goals,people consider their ideal self,their aspirations and gains，确定答案是aspirations，这里不能少写s。

36.style答案为与behaviour并列的词，并且由谓语动词affects是单三形式可以确定本空填写单数名词，考生可以听到the way leaders behave,or their style of leading...behave与题目中的behaviour对应，可确定答案是style。

37.development 37、38题是在小标题Transformational Leaders下，注意听路标词。由In talking about leadership,we often mention transformational leaders and transactional leaders.可知第37、38题的答案即将出现。由when interacting with their followers,focus on their development可以确定这里填写development，followers原词重现，pay attention to与原文中的focus on对应。

38.vision本题填写单数名词，注意与passionately communication相关词汇。考生可以听到Their speech is passionate and conveys a definitive vision.，这里passionate与passionately相对应，speech与communication相对应，所以确定这里的答案是vision。

39.structures要注意听transactional leaders下results of a mistake前的内容。考生可以听到in contrast，知道要从transformational leaders换角度了，接着说transactional leaders focus on developing clear structures...，确定答案是structures，developing与create相对应，clear原词重现。

40.innovation/innovations填写名词，考生可以听到a designer who works in a field where a lot of innovation is needed,a promotion focus is better，原文中needed与题目中的requiring相对应，所以填写innovation。

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