The Evolution of Home Design托福红Delta听力原文翻译及问题答案

2023-06-19 09:40:24 来源：中国教育在线

The Evolution of Home Design托福红Delta听力原文翻译及问题答案，今天中国教育在线就来为大家分析这个问题。

一、The Evolution of Home Design托福听力原文：

Human beings,like all animals,are territorial.The center of our territory is the home.Think about it.The home is where we spend most of our time.We begin and end our day there.We eat and sleep and bathe...and relax...and play with our children there...and are most comfortable there.We keep our possessions there.We furnish our homes as an expression of our taste.We say—and generally believe—that“There’s no place like home”and"Home is where the heart is.”

The human habit of building homes has a long history.Anthropologists think home building began with very simple round huts,similar to the shelters still built in parts of Africa today.Round huts probably started out like this:tree branches were leaned up against one another like the ribs of an umbrella;then the frame was covered with leaves or animal skins.

It’s from these round,tent-like structures that the first solid dwellings probably evolved.As the tents became larger and more elaborate,they became the center of family life,and the place where the family’s possessions could be kept.In other words,these structures became home,the heart of the human territory.Round huts progressed from being temporary shelters,made of wood and skins and leaves,into stronger,more permanent structures built of stone.

But even though stone structures were stronger,there was still a problem:the round shape made it difficult to combine it with other structures.This difficulty was overcome with the development of the cube,or box shape.The box shape was a major development in home construction.By making the sides of the house rectangular,and then covering the four walls with a roof,it was possible to place structures next to one another,and to join them with doorways.Thus,the room was invented.

After the room came the multi-unit dwelling:the apartment house.Nearly ten thousand years ago,this method of building led to the construction of clusters of rectangular buildings that made up the first complex human settlements.Today the box shape not only survives but also remains the basis of our domestic dwellings.

The homes of today still contain some ancient features.Around the house itself there’s an outer perimeter—the symbolic boundary of the ancient home territory.Today the boundary is often marked by a barrier,like a fence,a wall,or a hedge.Inside the boundary,we find the yard—where we keep our dogs—and the garden,where we—like our ancestors—grow a few fruits and vegetables.We surround our home with a grass lawn,like our ancestors surrounded theirs with pastures for their livestock.

Today,humans are more sociable than in ancient times,and so we allow others to enter the home territory,especially the outer boundary.For example,we let people bring letters and packages to our door.Sometimes we let outsiders enter the first of the private areas,the hallway,which is inside the solid wall of the home itself.But beyond the hallway,there are more boundaries.Each room you come to becomes more private and less available to outsiders.

Guests are allowed to enter the living room.Closer friends can go farther.We tell our closest friends to“make yourself at home”and allow them into the rooms where we cook and eat and pursue our hobbies.But...up the stairs...or down the hall...somewhere less accessible in our home—this is where we find the bedrooms and bathrooms,the most private rooms of our home.These rooms are where we,the owners of the territory,feel most secure.This is where we retreat,like any animal to its den,whenever we are at our most vulnerable—for example,when we’re sleeping,bathing,or when we’re sick.

二、The Evolution of Home Design托福听力中文翻译：

人类和所有动物一样，都是领土性的。我们领土的中心是家园。想想看。家是我们度过大部分时间的地方。我们在那里开始和结束我们的一天。我们吃饭睡觉洗澡。。。放松点。。。和我们的孩子一起玩。。。而且在那里最舒服。我们把我们的财产放在那里。我们布置房屋是为了表达我们的品味。我们说并普遍认为“没有比家更好的地方”和“家就是心所在的地方”

人类建造房屋的习惯由来已久。人类学家认为，房屋的建造始于非常简单的圆形小屋，类似于今天仍在非洲部分地区建造的避难所。圆形小屋可能是这样开始的：树枝像雨伞的肋骨一样互相靠着；然后用树叶或兽皮覆盖框架。

可能正是从这些圆形帐篷状结构中进化出了第一批坚固的住宅。随着帐篷变得越来越大，越来越精致，它们成为家庭生活的中心，也是存放家庭财产的地方。换句话说，这些建筑成为了家园，人类领土的心脏。圆形小屋从木材、兽皮和树叶制成的临时住所，发展成为更坚固、更永久的石头结构。

但是，尽管石头结构更坚固，但仍然存在一个问题：圆形使其难以与其他结构相结合。立方体或长方体形状的发展克服了这一困难。箱形是房屋建筑的一大发展。通过将房屋两侧做成长方形，然后用屋顶覆盖四壁，可以将结构彼此相邻，并将其与门口连接起来。于是，房间被发明了。

房间之后是多单元住宅：公寓。近万年前，这种建筑方法导致了矩形建筑群的建造，构成了第一个复杂的人类住区。今天，盒子形状不仅幸存下来，而且仍然是我们家庭住宅的基础。

今天的房屋仍有一些古老的特征。房子周围有一个外围，这是古老家园的象征性边界。今天，边界通常以栅栏、墙或树篱等障碍物为标志。在边界内，我们找到了养狗的院子和花园，在那里我们像祖先一样种植了一些水果和蔬菜。我们的家周围是一片草地，就像我们的祖先用牧场围住他们的家畜一样。

今天，人类比古代更善于交际，因此我们允许他人进入自己的领地，尤其是外部边界。例如，我们让人们把信件和包裹带到门口。有时我们会让外人进入第一个私人区域，即走廊，它位于房屋本身的实心墙内。但在走廊之外，还有更多的边界。你来到的每一个房间都变得更加私密，对外人来说也变得不那么方便了。

客人可以进入客厅。亲密的朋友可以走得更远。我们告诉我们最亲密的朋友“不要拘束”，让他们进入我们做饭、吃饭和追求我们爱好的房间。但是上楼。。。或者沿着大厅。。。在我们家中不太容易到达的地方，我们可以在这里找到卧室和浴室，这是我们家中最私密的房间。这些房间是我们领土的所有者感到最安全的地方。这就是我们撤退的地方，就像任何动物一样，在我们最脆弱的时候，例如，当我们睡觉、洗澡或生病的时候。

三、The Evolution of Home Design托福听力问题：

Q1:What is the main purpose of the talk?

A.To explain why anthropologists study the home

B.To describe how early people built shelters

C.To trace the evolution of home design

D.To evaluate various home-building materials

Q2:The professor briefly describes developments in home building.Put the developments in the order in which they occurred.

Drag each answer to the space where it belongs.

A.Round structure built of stone

B.Building with multiple living units

C.Round hut made of branches and leaves

D.Box-shaped structure with four walls