Stained Glass Art托福听力原文翻译及问题答案

2023-06-21 13:45:37 来源：中国教育在线

Stained Glass Art托福听力原文翻译及问题答案

一、Stained Glass Art托福听力原文：

Narrator:Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.

Male professor:Ok,now,um,a,a sort of paradigmatic art form of the Middle Ages was stained glass art.Stained glass,of course,is,is simply glass that has been colored and uh cut into pieces and reassembled to form a picture or,or,decorative design.

To truly experience the beauty of this decorative glass,you,you should see it with light passing through it,uh,especially sunlight.Which is why stained glass is usually used for windows,but of course it has other uses,especially nowadays.Um anyway the art of making stained glass windows developed in Europe uh during the Middle Ages and was closely related to church building.

In the uh early 1100s,uh,a church–building method was developed that reduced the stress on the walls,so more space could be used for window openings—allowing for large and,and quite elaborate window designs.Uh back then the artists made their own glass,but first they came up with a design.Uh paper was scarce and expensive,so,so typically they drew the design onto uh a white tabletop.They’d draw the principal outline,but also outline the shape of each piece of glass to be used and uh indicate its color.

Now,uh,in the window itself,the pieces of glass would be held together by strips of lead,so,um,so in the drawing,the uh artist would also indicate the location of the lead strips.Uh then you could put uh a big piece of glass on the tabletop and and see the design right through it,and use it to uh to guide the cutting of the glass into smaller pieces.Male student:And the lead that was just to hold the pieces of glass together?

Male professor:Well,uh,lead is strong and,and flexible so it is ideal for joining pieces of glass cut in different shapes and sizes.Uh but up to the fifteenth century,the,uh the lead strips also helped create the design—they were worked into the window as,as part of the composition.Um they were used to outline figures,to,to show boundaries—just like you might use solid lines in a pencil drawing.Male student:How did they get the color…I mean how did they color the glass?Male professor:Well,up until the sixteenth century uh stained glass was colored during the glassmaking process itself.Uh you got specific colors by adding metallic compounds to the other glassmaking ingredients.So,uh if you wanted red,you,you added copper,if,if you wanted green,you added iron.You just added these compounds to the other ingredients that the glass was made of.Female student:So each piece of glass is just one color?

Male professor:Yes,um,at least up until the sixteenth century.uh then they started,um,you started to get painted glass.Uh painted glass windows are still referred to as“stained glass”but the colors were actually painted directly onto clear glass,after the glass was made.So um with this kind of stained glass,you could uh paint a piece of glass with more than one color.

Female student:And with painted glass,they still used the lead strips?

Male professor:Yes,uh,with really large windows,it took more than one piece of glass,so you still needed lead strips to hold the pieces together.But the painters actually tried to hide them.So it was different from before,when the lead strips were part of the design.And,and it’s different because with painted glass the idea of light coming through to create the uh,the magical effect wasn’t the focus anymore…

the paint work was.in,in the 19th century people started using them in private houses and,and public buildings.Unfortunately many of the original,stained glass windows were thought to be old–fashioned and…and they were actually destroyed,replaced by painted glass.Female student:They actually broke them?That showed good judgment,real foresight,didn’t it?

Male professor:Yes,if only they had known…um and it's not just that old stained glass is really valuable today;we lost possibly great artwork.Uh but luckily there was a revival of the early techniques in the mid–1800s,and,and artists went back to creating colored glass and using the lead strips in their designs.The effects are,are much more beautiful.In the nineteenth century uh Louis Tiffany came up with methods to create beautiful effects uh without having to paint the glass.He layered pieces of glass and used thin copper strips instead of lead.Which let him make these,these really intricate,flowery designs for stained glass.Which he used in,in lamp shades—you've heard of Tiffany lamp shades,right?These of course took advantage of the new innovation of electric lighting—

e–electric lightbulbs don't give quite the same effect as sunlight streaming through stained glass,but it's close.So uh layered glass,Tiffany glass,became very popular and still is today.So um,let's look at some examples of different types of stained glass from each era.

二、Stained Glass Art托福听力中文翻译：

旁白：在艺术史课上听一节课的一部分。

男教授：好的，现在，嗯，一种中世纪的范例艺术形式是彩色玻璃艺术。彩色玻璃，当然，是，简单地说，是一种经过着色的玻璃，呃，切割成碎片，然后重新组装成一幅画或装饰图案。

要真正体验这种装饰玻璃的美丽，你，你应该通过光线，尤其是阳光来看到它。这就是为什么彩色玻璃通常用于窗户，但它当然有其他用途，尤其是在今天。无论如何，制作彩色玻璃窗的艺术在中世纪的欧洲发展起来，与教堂建筑密切相关。

在11世纪早期，一种教堂建筑方法被开发出来，可以减少墙壁上的压力，因此可以使用更多的空间来开窗户，从而实现大而精致的窗户设计。嗯，当时艺术家们自己制作了玻璃，但首先他们提出了一个设计。呃，纸张稀缺且价格昂贵，所以，通常他们会将图案绘制在白色桌面上。他们会画出主要的轮廓，但也会画出要使用的每一块玻璃的形状，并呃指出其颜色。

现在，呃，在窗户本身，玻璃片将由铅条连接在一起，所以，嗯，所以在图纸中，呃艺术家也会指出铅条的位置。嗯，然后你可以把一大块玻璃放在桌面上，通过它看到设计，然后用它来引导把玻璃切成小块。男学生：铅就是用来把玻璃片粘在一起的吗？

男教授：嗯，铅很结实，很有弹性，所以它是连接不同形状和尺寸的玻璃的理想材料。但是到了十五世纪，铅条也帮助创造了设计，它们作为构图的一部分被放进了窗户。嗯，它们被用来勾勒图形，用来显示边界，就像你可能在铅笔画中使用实线一样。男学生：他们是怎么得到颜色的……我是说他们是怎么给玻璃上色的？男教授：直到16世纪，彩色玻璃是在玻璃制造过程中着色的。嗯，通过在其他玻璃制造原料中添加金属化合物，你得到了特定的颜色。如果你想要红色，你就加铜，如果你想要绿色，你就加铁。你只是把这些化合物添加到玻璃的其他成分中。女学生：那么每片玻璃都只有一种颜色？

男教授：是的，嗯，至少直到十六世纪。嗯，然后他们开始，嗯，你开始涂玻璃。呃，彩绘玻璃窗仍然被称为“彩绘玻璃”，但实际上是在玻璃制作后直接在透明玻璃上绘制的颜色。用这种彩色玻璃，你可以把一块玻璃涂成多种颜色。

女学生：对于彩绘玻璃，他们仍然使用铅条？

男教授：是的，嗯，因为窗户很大，需要不止一块玻璃，所以你仍然需要铅条来把这些玻璃连接在一起。但画家们实际上试图隐藏它们。因此，这与以前不同，当时铅条是设计的一部分。而且，这是不同的，因为与绘画玻璃的想法，光通过创造嗯，神奇的效果是不是重点了…

油漆工作是。19世纪，人们开始在私人住宅和公共建筑中使用它们。不幸的是，许多原来的彩色玻璃窗被认为是老式的，而且……它们实际上被摧毁了，取而代之的是彩绘玻璃。女学生：他们真的弄坏了吗？这表明了良好的判断力和真正的远见，不是吗？

男教授：是的，如果他们知道的话……嗯，不仅仅是旧的彩色玻璃今天真的很值钱；我们失去了可能很棒的艺术品。嗯，但幸运的是，早期技术在19世纪中期得到了复兴，艺术家们又开始创作彩色玻璃，并在设计中使用铅条。效果更漂亮。在十九世纪，路易斯·蒂芙尼提出了一些方法来创造美丽的效果，不用在玻璃上作画。他把玻璃片分层，用薄铜带代替铅。这让他为彩色玻璃做了这些，这些非常复杂，华丽的设计。他用在灯罩里，你听说过蒂芙尼灯罩吧？这些当然利用了电力照明的新创新-

e–电灯泡的效果与阳光透过彩色玻璃的效果不同，但很接近。因此，分层玻璃，蒂芙尼玻璃，变得非常流行，直到今天。那么，让我们来看一些不同时代不同类型彩色玻璃的例子。

三、Stained Glass Art托福听力问题：

Q1:1.What is the lecture mainly about?

A.The images in stained-glass windows

B.The history of stained-glass art

C.The importance of religious art during the Middle Ages

D.Techniques for making glass during the Middle Ages

Q2:2.What are two points the professor makes about stained glass windows made during the Middle Ages?[Click on 2 answers.]

A.They typically were small in size.

B.The glass was colored during the glassmaking process.

C.They were used mainly for churches.

D.They had simple designs.

Q3:3.During the Middle Ages,what was one of the first steps that artists used in making a stained glass window?

A.They drew the design onto the top of a table.

B.They created models of the design with lead strips.

C.They drew an outline of the design directly onto a piece of glass.

D.They painted the design on paper.

Q4:4.Accordingto the professor,what are two ways in which stained-glass windows made in the sixteenth century differed from those made in earlier centuries?[Click on 2 answers.]

A.The way the glass was colored

B.The role played by lead strips

C.The scenes that were depicted

D.The way glass pieces were cut

Q5:5.What does the professor imply contributed to the popularity of Tiffany glass?

A.The use of lead compounds to enhance its colors

B.The reuse of stained glass from old church windows

C.The invention of electric lighting

D.A new process for painting glass

Q6:6.What does the woman imply when she says this:That showed good judgment,real foresight,didn’t it?

A.It is unfortunate that people in the nineteenth century destroyed old stained glass windows.

B.Stained glass windows made in the nineteenth century are more beautiful than those made earlier.