托福阅读真题Official 53 Passage 3（二）

托福阅读真题Official 53 Passage 3（二）

Paleolithic Cave Painting

In any investigation of the origins of art,attention focuses on the cave paintings created in Europe during the Paleolithic era(C.40,000-10,000 years ago)such as those depicting bulls and other animals in the Lascaux cave in France.Accepting that they are the best preserved and most visible signs of what was a global creative explosion,how do we start to explain their appearance.Instinctively,we may want to update the earliest human artists by assuming that they painted for the sheer joy of painting.The philosophers of Classical Greece recognized it as a defining trait of humans to“delight in works of imitation”—to enjoy the very act and triumph of representation.If we were close to a real lion or snake,we might feel frightened.But a well-executed picture of a lion or snake will give us pleasure.Why suppose that our Paleolithic ancestors were any different?

This simple acceptance of art for art’s sake has a certain appeal.To think of Lascaux as a gallery allows it to be a sort of special viewing place where the handiwork of accomplished artists might be displayed.Plausibly,daily existence in parts of Paleolithic Europe may not have been so hard,with an abundance of ready food and therefore the leisure time for art.The problems with this explanation,however,are various.In the first place,the proliferation of archaeological discoveries—and this includes some of the world’s innumerable rock art sites that cannot be dated—has served to emphasize a remarkably limited repertoire of subjects.The images that recur are those of animals.Human figures are unusual,and when they do make an appearance,they are rarely done with the same attention to form accorded to the animals.If Paleolithic artists were simply seeking to represent the beauty of the world around them,would they not have left a far greater range of pictures—of trees,flowers,of the Sun and the stars?

A further question to the theory of art for art’s sake is posed by the high incidence of Paleolithic images that appear not to be imitative of any reality whatsoever.These are geometrical shapes or patterns consisting of dots or lines.Such marks may be found isolated or repeated over a particular surface,but also scattered across more recognizable forms.A good example of this may be seen in the geologically spectacular grotto of Pêche Merle,in the Lot region of France.Here we encounter some favorite animals from the Paleolithic repertoire—a pair of stout-bellied horses.But over and around the horses’outlines are multiple dark spots,daubed in disregard for the otherwise naturalistic representation of animals.What does such patterning imitate.There is also the factor of location.The caves of Lascaux might conceivably qualify as underground galleries,but many other paintings have been found in recesses totally unsuitable for any kind of viewing—tight nooks and crannies that must have been awkward even for the artists to penetrate,let alone for anyone else wanting to see the art.

Finally,we may doubt the notion that the Upper Paleolithic period was a paradise in which food came readily,leaving humans ample time to amuse themselves with art.For Europe it was still the Ice Age.An estimate of the basic level of sustenance then necessary for human survival has been judged at 2200 calories per day.This consideration,combined with the stark emphasis upon animals in the cave art,has persuaded some archaeologists that the primary motive behind Paleolithic images must lie with the primary activity of Paleolithic people:hunting.

Hunting is a skill.Tracking,stalking,chasing,and killing the prey are difficult,sometimes dangerous activities.What if the process could be made easier—by art.In the early decades of the twentieth century,AbbéHenri Breuil argued that the cave paintings were all about“sympathetic magic.”The artists strived diligently to make their animal images evocative and realistic because they were attempting to capture the spirit of their prey.What could have prompted their studious attention to making such naturalistic,recognizable images.According to Breuil,the artists may have believed that if a hunter were able to make a true likeness of some animal,then that animal was virtually trapped.Images,therefore,may have had the magical capacity to confer success or luck in the hunt.

Question 3 of 14

Paragraph 2 suggests that the Lascaux cave paintings could have been created as art for art’s sake only if which of the following were true?

A.Caves were often used as viewing places for handiwork of all kinds.

B.Artists during the Paleolithic era were especially accomplished.

C.Paleolithic people were able to satisfy their basic needs fairly easily.

D.People in Paleolithic Europe learned about art from people living in other areas.

正确答案：C

题目详解

题型分类：事实信息题

原文定位：根据题干定位原文至To think of Lascaux as a gallery allows it to be a sort of special viewing place where the handiwork of accomplished artists might be displayed.同时关注该句后面的Plausibly一词，可发现该词后面的句子似乎是在阐述前句手工艺品得以展示的原因，即“我们可以将Lascaux看成一个画廊，这里可以展示一些资深艺术家的手工作品。极有可能是因为，在旧石器时代的欧洲，生活也许并不是那么艰难，每天有足够的食物，（因此）也就有闲暇的时间留给艺术创作。”

选项分析：

C选项正确。

A选项错误，文中只提到可以将Lascaux视为画廊，可以用来展示手工艺品，而并未说Caves经常被用来做为展示的地方。

B选项错误，原文中只提到可能生活也并不是特别艰难，食物也比较充足，因此人们有闲暇时间用来进行艺术创作，而未提及旧石器时代的艺术家是否特别有成就。

D选项错误，本段中未提及旧石器时代的欧洲人是从哪里学习的艺术。

Question 4 of 14

The word“Plausibly”in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.Similarly

B.Obviously

C.Ideally

D.Possibly

正确答案：D

题目详解

题型分类：词汇题

选项分析：

D选项正确，Possibly，极有可能的，Plausibly前面一句写画廊中展示着一些手工艺品，而后一句则表达当时生活可能也不是很艰苦，人们有着足够的食物，因此也才有闲暇时间进行艺术创作，由此可见后一句有可能是在解释前句为何能有手工艺品得以展示。

A选项错误，Similarly，相似地，前后语义不符合。

B选项错误，Obviously，很显然地，前后语义不符合。

C选项错误，Ideally，理想地，前后语义不符合。

>> 雅思 托福 免费测试、量身规划、让英语学习不再困难<<