托福tpo51听力lecture3 Audubon the Famous Illustrator

托福tpo51听力lecture3 Audubon the Famous Illustrator，那么接下来就跟着中国教育在线的小编详细了解一下吧。

Audubon the Famous Illustrator托福听力原文翻译及问题答案

一、Audubon the Famous Illustrator托福听力原文：

NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.The professor has been discussing illustrated books.MALE PROFESSOR:I want to take a look at one particular book to give you an idea about what was involved in publishing illustrated books in the 1800s.The book's called The Birds of America,and the illustrator was John James Audubon.So…The Birds of America…four volumes which contained illustrations of nearly every bird in the United States:over 400 birds,all hand-colored,all painted life-sized,the larger birds printed on the largest printing paper available at that time….This required a lot of dedication,and Audubon is best remembered as an incredibly meticulous,accurate artist…a very accomplished illustrator of the natural world.

And while there were other artists working on similar projects at the same time,Audubon's book remains the most well-known and successful of its kind.But,uh,let's talk a bit about Audubon himself first.First of all,Audubon was not a traditional painter…and by this,I mean that he didn't work in oils.He preferred to use watercolor and pastel crayons,and he worked on paper instead of on canvas.The thing is,Audubon considered the illustrations in his book,not the original watercolors,to be the finished product.His watercolors were merely preparatory studies,most of which were painted while he was observing birds in the wild.These watercolors were then sent to his printer,who created the final prints for the book.And Audubon was so concerned with accuracy that he often scribbled notes to the printer around the edges of these original watercolors.In fact,you might question whether producing a work of art was even Audubon's goal.Now,when I look at an Audubon illustration,I see a work of art.But it may make more sense to consider Audubon first and foremost as a naturalist…as a scientist.See,the early nineteenth century when Audubon was painting was a time of major scientific inquiry.And an essential way of spreading scientific knowledge was through illustrated books.

FEMALE STUDENT:So what did Audubon consider himself?An artist or a scientist?MALE PROFESSOR:I'm not sure the distinction between the two was all that clear in the 1800s.I think we can accurately state that…that the driving force in his art was getting the science right.And this was perhaps a point that critics of his artwork at the time just didn't appreciate.Audubon also studied birds in ways that didn't directly inform his art.Uh,you know what bird banding is,right?A bird has a band attached to its foot so we can learn about things like migration patterns.Well,the first recorded instance of anyone doing that—it was Audubon.Another example…a common belief at the time was that vultures use their sense of smell to find food.Audubon didn't believe that,so he tested it.He put a large painting of a dead sheep in a field,and sure enough:vultures found it and started pecking at it.

Now,Audubon's work was very accurate,and we know this because we can compare his illustrations to the birds around us.But sometimes it's not possible to check.There’re actually several birds in his book that no one's ever seen.These are sometimes called Audubon's“mystery birds,”because even though he drew them,there's no evidence that they exist in the wild.

For someone who's respected as a naturalist,isn't it strange to think that he drew some birds that don't appear to be real?For example,there’s an illustration that appears to be a type of warbler—a small bird.It has a white ring around its eyes and white bars on its wings.No one’s ever seen a warbler like this,so some people wonder if Audubon maybe forgot certain details about this bird when he painted it—or that he copied another artist's work.But considering that Audubon was such a meticulous artist…well,there might be a better answer. 

Hybridization is something that's well known in birds.And it definitely explains a rather unique-looking duck Audubon painted.He himself suggested that maybe it wasn't an unknown species,but a hybrid,born from two different species.Since then,this particular crossing of species has actually been recorded,both in the wild and in captivity,so it turns out that Audubon was right,and this duck actually was a hybrid.

二、Audubon the Famous Illustrator托福听力中文翻译：

旁白：在艺术史课上听讲座的一部分。教授一直在讨论带插图的书。男教授：我想看一本特别的书，让你了解一下19世纪出版插图书籍所涉及的内容。这本书名叫《美国的鸟》，插图画家是约翰·詹姆斯·奥杜邦。所以…《美洲鸟》……四卷书中几乎包含了美国每一只鸟的插图：400多只鸟，全是手工着色，全是真人大小，较大的鸟印在当时可用的最大的印刷纸上…。这需要付出很多努力，奥杜邦是一位极其细致、准确的艺术家……一位非常有成就的自然世界插画家。

虽然有其他艺术家同时从事类似的项目，但奥杜邦的书仍是同类作品中最著名、最成功的。但是，让我们先谈谈奥杜邦自己。首先，奥杜邦不是一个传统的画家……我的意思是，他不画油画。他喜欢使用水彩和粉彩笔，他在纸上而不是画布上工作。问题是，奥杜邦认为他的书中的插图，而不是原来的水彩画，是成品。他的水彩画只是初步研究，大部分都是在野外观察鸟类时画的。这些水彩画随后被送到他的印刷厂，印刷厂为这本书制作了最后的印刷品。奥杜邦非常关注准确性，因此他经常在这些原始水彩的边缘向打印机潦草地写下注释。事实上，你可能会问，制作艺术品是否是奥杜邦的目标。现在，当我看一幅奥杜邦的插图时，我看到了一件艺术品。但首先把奥杜邦看作一位博物学家……一位科学家可能更有意义。看，十九世纪初，奥杜邦绘画时，是一个进行重大科学研究的时代。传播科学知识的一个基本途径是通过插图书籍。

女学生：那么奥杜邦认为自己是什么？艺术家还是科学家？男教授：我不确定这两者之间的区别在19世纪是否那么明显。我认为我们可以准确地说……他的艺术的推动力是让科学变得正确。这可能是当时他的艺术评论家们不欣赏的一点。奥杜邦研究鸟类的方式并没有直接影响到他的艺术。嗯，你知道什么是鸟带，对吧？鸟的脚上系着一条带子，这样我们就可以了解诸如迁徙模式之类的东西。嗯，第一个记录在案的这样做的人是奥杜邦。另一个例子……当时人们普遍认为秃鹫利用嗅觉寻找食物。奥杜邦不相信，所以他测试了它。他把一幅大画放在田野里，画的是一只死羊，果然：秃鹫找到了它，开始啄食。

现在，奥杜邦的作品非常准确，我们知道这一点，因为我们可以将他的插图与我们周围的鸟类进行比较。但有时无法检查。实际上，在他的书中有几只鸟是没有人见过的。这些鸟有时被称为奥杜邦的“神秘鸟”，因为即使他画了它们，也没有证据表明它们在野外存在。

对于一个被尊为博物学家的人来说，想到他画了一些看起来不真实的鸟，不是很奇怪吗？例如，有一幅插图似乎是一种莺——一种小鸟。它的眼睛周围有一个白色的环，翅膀上有白色的条。从来没有人见过这样的莺，所以有些人想知道奥杜邦在画这只鸟时是否忘记了它的某些细节，或者是他复制了另一位艺术家的作品。但考虑到奥杜邦是一位如此细致的艺术家……嗯，也许还有更好的答案；

杂交在鸟类中是众所周知的。这无疑解释了奥杜邦画的一只外观相当独特的鸭子。他自己暗示，也许它不是一个未知物种，而是一个杂交种，来自两个不同的物种。从那时起，无论是在野外还是在圈养条件下，这种特殊的物种杂交实际上都有记录，所以结果证明奥杜邦是对的，而这只鸭子实际上是一种杂交鸭。

三、Audubon the Famous Illustrator托福听力问题：

1.What does the professor mainly discuss?

A.The steps involved in publishing illustrated books in the 1800s

B.The influence of Audubon's The Birds of America on science in the 1800s

C.The way in which an illustrator's work has both artistic and scientific significance

D.The need for accuracy in scientific illustrations

2.According to the professor,what were two steps Audubon took in producing his illustrations?[Click on 2 answers.]

A.He studied birds in their natural habitats.

B.He tracked birds along their migration paths.

C.He closely studied other illustrated books.

D.He provided the printer with detailed instructions.

3.What does the professor imply about critics of Audubon's art?

A.They did not recognize the motivating factor in Audubon's art.

B.They did not like the stylistic changes that Audubon developed over time.

C.They were disappointed with Audubon's limited scope of subject matter.

D.They thought Audubon's use of oils was unsophisticated.

4.Why does the professor discuss Audubon's experiments with vultures and banding birds?

A.To help students understand the state of scientific knowledge at the time

B.To provide support for his view of Audubon as a naturalist

C.To suggest that Audubon was more successful as a scientist than as an illustrator

D.To give examples that show the importance of detail in Audubon's illustrations

5.What are Audubon's"mystery birds"?

A.Bird illustrations created by Audubon that have been lost

B.Bird illustrations that do not seem to match any known species

C.Bird illustrations that were painted in an uncharacteristically careless manner

D.Bird illustrations that Audubon intended to be fanciful rather than realistic

6.What does the professor believe is the most likely explanation for Audubon's warbler illustration?

A.Audubon forgot small details when he made the illustration.

B.Audubon copied the bird from another artist's drawing.

C.The bird was the offspring of two different species.

D.That particular species of warbler has since gone extinct.

四、Audubon the Famous Illustrator托福听力答案：

A1:正确答案：C

A2:正确答案：AD

A3:正确答案：A

A4:正确答案：B

A5:正确答案：B

A6:正确答案：C

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