Cape Cod托福听力原文翻译及问题答案

Cape Cod托福听力原文翻译及问题答案

一、Cape Cod托福听力原文：

NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in an environmental conservation class.

FEMALE PROFESSOR:Next I want to talk about the collapse of the North American cod population. 

Let’s look at Cape Cod,in the northeastern United States…The area was named Cape Cod because there were so many cod fish in the waters just off its shores,so many that the first Europeans who fished there in the seventeenth century reported it was better than in Newfoundland,Canada.At the time,Newfoundland's cod fishery was so rich that people said it was possible just to lower a bucket in the water,pull it out,and it'd be full of cod.But Cape Cod was even better.So the fishing industry there did great until,after the 1940s.

uh,there were simply too many fishing vessels—sophisticated vessels—competing for fewer and fewer fish.In the 1940s,there were still about 400 million pounds of fish caught at Cape Cod every year.Just 50 years later,though—by the 1990s—commercial cod fishing there had become unprofitable;the annual catch had gone down to about five percent of its 1940s level.

And here's what's so fascinating.As more and more fishing vessels with better and better fishing technology were competing for cod,this competition was causing changes to the biology of the fish…and these changes were making it more and more difficult for the cod population to sustain itself.

FEMALE STUDENT:Changes to the biology of the fish?

FEMALE PROFESSOR:Well,if a cod fish could reproduce earlier than usual,it'd have a better chance of passing on its genes to the next generation before being caught,right?And sure enough,biologists noticed that around Cape Cod,the cod were beginning to mature at an earlier age than normal.

Prior to the population collapse,cod usually took about 8 to 10 years to fully mature,to start to reproduce,uh,and they lived around 40 years total.So cod had about 30 years of active reproductive life.

But now cod were beginning to reproduce at a younger age—at 3 to 4 years old.And they were living shorter lives because they were being caught,so they had fewer years within which to reproduce.

Additionally,even though some fish in the population were maturing at an earlier age,none was actually growing faster.No cod has a way of speeding up its rate of growth.So the younger reproductive age actually meant that smaller fish were reproducing.And,when you are a small cod reproducing,you produce fewer eggs than a large cod…the smaller cod simply don’t have the body mass to produce as many eggs.The overfishing pressure on the cod population was pushing the cod into an evolutionary corner—they were having a harder and harder time surviving.

MALE STUDENT:But what can be done to prevent other scenarios like this?I mean,obviously we need a better way to manage environmental resources.

FEMALE PROFESSOR:Well,what do you guys suggest?Carol?

MALE STUDENT:Hmm…uh,maybe privatize the resource? A private owner would want to manage the resource efficiently…in a sustainable way.

FEMALE PROFESSOR:OK,but the problem is,privatization doesn't necessarily result in better management of an environmental resource…Any ideas why it wouldn’t?

MALE STUDENT:Well,an individual owner might not properly assess the limits of the resource…so they could be just as prone to overexploiting that resource as a group,where lots of people have access to it.

FEMALE PROFESSOR:Yes.Well—like in the 1970s,when it was already clear the North American cod population was declining dramatically.The U.S.and Canada declared a 200-mile exclusive economic zone in the waters around Cape Cod.By declaring an exclusive economic zone,you see,these two countries were trying to extend their territorial waters.Basically,it was as if they were saying,“We’re the private owners—we own these waters,so we own the rights to the fish in them too.”Essentially,the two countries told fishing vessels—trawlers—from all other nations to get out of the cod-fishing area.

You'd think that'd be good news for the cod because there'd be less fishing.However,the U.S.and Canada wanted to expel foreign trawlers only in order to increase the numbers of their own fishing fleets.The total number of fishing trawlers actually increased.

Another possible solution—pass laws that regulate use of the resource.But for regulation to be effective,penalties for breaking the law have to be large enough to deter violators.

二、Cape Cod托福听力中文翻译：

旁白：请听一节环境保护课上的讲座。

女教授：接下来我想谈谈北美鳕鱼种群的崩溃；

让我们看看美国东北部的鳕鱼角…该地区被命名为鳕鱼角，因为在其海岸附近的水域中有如此多的鳕鱼，以至于17世纪在那里捕鱼的第一批欧洲人报告说，这里比加拿大纽芬兰更好。当时，纽芬兰的鳕鱼渔场非常丰富，以至于人们说，只要把一只水桶放到水中，把它拉出来，就会装满鳕鱼。但科德角更好。因此，那里的渔业在20世纪40年代之后一直表现出色。

呃,渔船太多了,老练的渔船在争夺越来越少的鱼。在20世纪40年代，鳕鱼角每年仍有大约4亿磅的鱼被捕获。仅仅50年后，尽管到了20世纪90年代，那里的商业鳕鱼捕捞变得无利可图；年捕获量已下降到20世纪40年代水平的5%左右。

这就是最吸引人的地方。随着越来越多拥有更好捕鱼技术的渔船争夺鳕鱼，这种竞争导致了鱼类生物学的变化……这些变化使鳕鱼种群越来越难以维持。

女学生：鱼类生物学的变化？

女教授：好吧，如果鳕鱼能比平常更早繁殖，它在被捕获之前就有更好的机会将其基因传给下一代，对吗？果不其然，生物学家注意到，在鳕鱼角附近，鳕鱼开始比正常年龄更早成熟。

在种群崩溃之前，鳕鱼通常需要8到10年才能完全成熟，开始繁殖，呃，它们总共活了40年左右。所以鳕鱼有大约30年的活跃繁殖寿命。

但现在鳕鱼在3到4岁时开始繁殖。它们的寿命更短，因为它们被捕获，所以它们的繁殖期更短。

此外，尽管种群中的一些鱼类成熟较早，但实际上没有一种鱼类生长得更快。没有一种鳕鱼能加速其生长速度。因此，较年轻的生殖年龄实际上意味着较小的鱼类正在繁殖。而且，当你是一条小鳕鱼繁殖时，你产生的卵比大鳕鱼少……小鳕鱼根本没有产生那么多卵的体重。对鳕鱼种群的过度捕捞压力正将鳕鱼推向进化的角落，它们的生存越来越困难。

男学生：但是我们能做些什么来防止其他类似的情况呢？我的意思是，显然我们需要更好的方式来管理环境资源。

女教授：你们有什么建议吗？颂歌

男学生：嗯……嗯，也许把资源私有化&nbsp；私人所有者希望以可持续的方式有效地管理资源。

女教授：好吧，但问题是，私有化不一定会导致更好的环境资源管理……有什么想法为什么不会呢？

男学生：嗯，个体所有者可能无法正确评估资源的限制……因此他们可能会像一个群体一样，过度开发资源，因为很多人都可以使用。

女教授：是的。就像上世纪70年代一样，当时北美鳕鱼的数量已经明显下降。美国和加拿大宣布在科德角附近水域设立200英里专属经济区。你看，通过宣布专属经济区，这两个国家试图扩大其领海。基本上，这就像他们在说，“我们是这些水域的私人所有者，所以我们也拥有这些水域中的鱼的权利。”从本质上说，两国告诉所有其他国家的渔船和拖网渔船离开鳕鱼捕捞区。

你会认为这对鳕鱼来说是个好消息，因为捕鱼会减少。然而，美国和加拿大想要驱逐外国拖网渔船，只是为了增加本国渔船队的数量。拖网渔船的总数实际上有所增加。

另一个可能的解决方案是通过法律来规范资源的使用。但为了使监管有效，对违法者的惩罚必须足够大，以遏制违法者。

三、Cape Cod托福听力问题：

Q1:1.What is the discussion mainly about?

A.Results of privatization in the cod-fishing industry

B.Laws that regulate the cod-fishing industry

C.A recent study on cod-fishing techniques

D.Problems related to the overfishing of cod

Q2:2.Why does the professor compare Cape Cod to Newfoundland?

A.To explain how some of Cape Cod's waters first became privatized

B.To illustrate the enormous size of Cape Cod's seventeenth-century cod population

C.To explain why large-scale cod fishing began later in Cape Cod than elsewhere

D.To highlight the results of two different evolutionary pressures on cod

Q3:3.What change did scientists notice around Cape Cod after the 1940s?

A.The amount of pollutants dumped into the ocean increased dramatically.

B.Trawling ships violated fishing regulations more often.

C.The cod population's diet became less diverse.

D.Cod began to mature at a younger age.

Q4:4.What point does the professor make about reproduction among small cod fish as compared to larger cod fish?

A.Eggs produced by smaller cod are less likely to survive.

B.Smaller cod produce fewer eggs.

C.The offspring of smaller cod do not live as long

D.Smaller cod produce eggs fewer times per year

Q5:5.What is the professor's opinion of privatization for the management of an environmental resource?

A.Privatization is an imperfect tool.

B.Privatization should be tried more often.

C.Privatization usually results in political conflicts.

D.Privatization usually results in the best outcome.

Q6:6.According to the professor,what was the result of the 200-mile exclusive economic zone declared by the United States and Canada?

A.The cod population moved further out to sea.

B.The cod population began to recover.

C.More trawlers began fishing around Cape Cod.

D.Penalties for overfishing were toughened.

四、Cape Cod托福听力答案：

A1:正确答案：D

A2:正确答案：B

A3:正确答案：D

A4:正确答案：B

A5:正确答案：A

A6:正确答案：C

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