Business Cultures剑桥雅思9听力-原文翻译及答案解析

一、Business Cultures听力原文：

Good morning everyone.

Now whether you're going to university to study business or some other subject,many of you will eventually end up working for a company of some kind.

Now,when you first start working somewhere you will realise that the organisation you've joined has certain characteristics.

And we often refer to these social characteristics as the culture of the organisation-this includes its unwritten ideas,beliefs,values and things like that.

One well known writer has classified company cultures by identifying four major types.

The first type is called the Power Culture,and it's usually found in small organisations.

It's the type of culture that needs a central source of power to be effective,and because control is in the hands of just one or two people there aren't many rules or procedures.

Another characteristic is that communication usually takes the form of conversations rather than,say,formal meetings or written memos.

Now one of the benefits of this culture is that the organisation has the ability to act quickly,so it responds well to threat,or danger on the one hand,and opportunity on the other.

But on the negative side,this type of organisation doesn't always act effectively,because it depends too much on one or two people at the top,and when these people make poor decisions there's no-one else who can influence them.

And the Kind of person who does well in this type of business culture is one who is happy to take risks,and for whom job security is a low priority.

The next type is known as Role Culture-that's R-O-L-E,not R-O-double L,by the way,and this type is usually found in large companies which have lots of different levels in them.

These organisations usually have separate departments that specialise in things like finance or sales,or maintenance,or whatever.

Each one is co-ordinated at the top by a small group of senior managers,and typically everyone's job is controlled by sets of rules and procedures-for example,there are specific job descriptions,rules for discipline,and so on.

What are the benefits of this kind of culture?

Well firstly,because it's found in large organisations,its fixed costs,or overheads as they're known,are low in relation to its output,or what it produces.

In other words it can achieve economies of scale.

And secondly,it is particularly successful in business markets where technical expertise is important.

On the other hand,this culture is often very slow to recognise the need for change,and even slower to react.

What kind of person does this type of culture suit?

Well it suits employees who value security,and who don't particularly want to have responsibility.

Moving on now to Task Cultures-this type is found in organisations that are project-oriented.

You usually find it where the market for the company's product is extremely competitive,or where the products themselves have a short life-span.

Usually top management delegates the projects,the people and other resources.

And once these have been allocated,little day-to-day control is exercised from the top,because this would seem like'breaking the rules'.

Now one of the major benefits of this culture is that it's flexible.

But it does have some major disadvantages too.

For instance,it can't produce economies of scale or great depth of expertise.

People who like working in groups or teams prefer this type of culture.

And finally,the fourth category is called the Person Culture...

二、Business Cultures听力中文翻译：

大家早上好。

现在，无论你们是要上大学学习商业还是其他学科，你们中的许多人最终都会在某种公司工作。

现在，当你第一次开始在某个地方工作时，你会意识到你加入的组织有某些特点。

我们经常将这些社会特征称为组织的文化，这包括其未成文的思想、信仰、价值观和诸如此类的东西。

一位著名作家通过识别四种主要类型对公司文化进行了分类。

第一种类型被称为权力文化，通常存在于小型组织中。

这是一种需要中央权力来源才能发挥效力的文化，因为控制权只掌握在一到两个人手中，所以没有太多的规则或程序。

另一个特点是，沟通通常采取对话的形式，而不是正式会议或书面备忘录。

现在，这种文化的好处之一是，组织有能力快速行动，因此它能很好地应对威胁或危险，以及机遇。

但消极的一面是，这种组织并不总是有效地行动，因为它太依赖于一到两名高层人员，当这些人做出糟糕的决定时，没有其他人可以影响他们。

而在这种类型的商业文化中表现出色的人是一个乐于冒险的人，而对他们来说，工作保障是一个低优先级的人。

下一种类型被称为角色文化-顺便说一句，这是R-O-L-E，而不是R-O-double L，这种类型通常存在于有很多不同层次的大公司中。

这些组织通常有独立的部门，专门从事财务、销售、维护等方面的工作。

每个人都由一小群高级管理人员在高层进行协调，通常每个人的工作都由一套规则和程序控制，例如，有具体的工作描述、纪律规则等等。

这种文化有什么好处？

首先，因为它存在于大型组织中，所以它的固定成本或日常开支相对于它的产出或生产量来说都很低。

换句话说，它可以实现规模经济。

其次，它在技术专长非常重要的商业市场上尤其成功。

另一方面，这种文化往往很难认识到变革的必要性，甚至反应也很慢。

这种文化适合什么样的人？

嗯，它适合那些重视安全的员工，也适合那些不想承担责任的员工。

现在转到任务文化——这种类型存在于以项目为导向的组织中。

你通常会发现公司产品的市场竞争非常激烈，或者产品本身的寿命很短。

通常，最高管理层会委派项目、人员和其他资源。

一旦分配了这些资源，高层就很少进行日常控制，因为这看起来像是“违反规则”。

现在，这种文化的主要好处之一是它的灵活性。

但它也有一些主要的缺点。

例如，它不能产生规模经济或深度专业知识。

喜欢团队工作的人更喜欢这种文化。

最后，第四类被称为人文化。

三、Business Cultures听力问题：

Question 31-40

Complete the notes below.

Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.Business Cultures

Power culture

Characteristics of organization•small

•power source

•few rules and procedures

•communication by

Advantage:•can act quickly

Disadvantage:•might not act

Suitable employee:•not afraid of

•doesn't need job security

Role culture

Characteristics of organisation:•large,many

•specialised departments

•rules and procedure,e.g.job

and rules for discipline

Advantages:•economies of scale

•successful when ability is important.

Disadvantages:•slow to see when.is needed

•slow to react

Suitable employee:•values security

•doesn't want.

Task culture

Characteristics of organisation:•project orientated

•in competitive market or making product with short life

•a lot of delegation

Advantage:•

Disadvantages:•no economies of scale or special expertise

Suitable employee:•likes to work in groups

四、Business Cultures听力答案：

31.central

32.conversation/conversations

33.effectively

34.risk/risks

35.levels

36.description/descriptions

37.technical

38.change

39.responsibility

40.flexible

五、Business Cultures听力答案解析

31.central当听到The first type is called the Power Culture...的时候，要注意我们的目标是找一个形容词来修饰power source。录音紧接着介绍这种组织规模很小，然后提到It’s the type of culture that needs a central source of power to be effective.。虽然卷面信息把source of power替换成了power source，但考生应该能够迅速反应出central就是我们需要填写的形容词。

32.conversation(s)该空格考查沟通方式，听到的三种分别是conversations，formal meetings和written memos，重点在于后两种类型用了rather than这个表示否定的短语做了限定，也就是说给我们排除了两个选择，答案为第一种沟通方式，即conversation(s)。

33.effectively根据卷面信息可知，我们要填写和disadvantage相关的信息，而根据考试经验，disadvantage这个词很可能是原文的同义替换词，听录音时应做好心理准备，有可能听到drawback,dark side,negative side,flaw,shortcoming等词，所以在听到but on the negative side时，考生应该注意目标词就要出现了。因此根据其后出现的...this type of organisation doesn’t always act effectively.可知，题目中应填的副词为effectively。

34.risk(s)该题目涉及适合的人群，我们听到了...the kind of person who does well in this type of business culture is one who is happy to take risks...。这里的is happy to相当于卷面信息的not afraid of，所以答案为risk(s)。

35.levels根据Role culture介绍中的lots of different levels可知答案。此题是整个Section 4中答案最直接的一道题。

36.description(s)录音中的for example对应卷面信息e.g.，根据其后的...there are specific job descriptions,rules for discipline...可知答案。

37.technical通过读题可知，本题填写的是Role culture的第二个优势，听到信号词and secondly时，一定要集中精力。随后听到的...it is particularly successful in business markets where technical expertise is important.中给出了答案，即technical，其中的expertise在题干中被替换成了ability。

38.change本题填写Role culture的缺点，听到on the other hand这个表示转折的信号词时，考生应意识到答案就要出现。根据其后的...this culture is often very slow to recognise the need for change...可知答案为change。此题把原文的主动句式改成了被动语态。

39.responsibility录音中提到...it suits employees who value security,and who don’t particularly want to have responsibility.，没有任何替换出现，跟上速度即可答题。

40.flexible本题考查Task culture的优点，录音中提到...one of the major benefits of this culture is that it’s flexible，benefit在卷面信息中被替换成advantage，可知答案为flexible。考生还要同时留意advantage的其他替换词，比如：strong point,spotlight,highlight,best part,bright side等。

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