History of the East End剑桥雅思6-听力原文翻译及答案解析

一、History of the East End听力原文：

In the last few weeks,we've been looking at various aspects of the social history of London,and this morning we're continuing with a look at life in the area called the East End.

I'll start with a brief history of the district,and then focus on life in the first half of the twentieth century.

Back in the first to the fourth centuries AD,when the Romans controlled England,London grew into a town of 45,000 people,and what’s now the East End-the area by the river Thames,and along the road heading north-east from London to the coast-consisted of farmland with crops and livestock which helped to feed that population.

The Romans left in 410,at the beginning of the fifth century,and from then onwards the country suffered a series of invasions by tribes from present-day Germany and Denmark,the Angles,Saxons and Jutes,many settled in the East End.

The technology they introduced meant that metal and leather goods were produced there for the first time.

And as the East End was by the river,ships could transport goods between there and foreign markets.

In the eleventh century,in 1066 to be precise,the Normans conquered England,and during the next few centuries London became one of the most powerful and prosperous cities in Europe.

The East End benefited from this,and because there were fewer restrictions there than in the city itself,plenty of newcomers settled there from abroad,bringing their skills as workers,merchants or money-lenders during the next few hundred years.

In the sixteenth century the first dock was dug where ships were constructed,eventually making the East End the focus of massive international trade.

And in the late sixteenth century,when much of the rest of England was suffering economically,a lot of agricultural workers came to the East End to look for alternative work.

In the seventeenth century,the East End was still a series of separate,semi-rural settlements.

There was a shortage of accommodation,so marshland was drained and built on to house the large numbers of people now living there.

By the nineteenth century London was the busiest port in the world,and this became the main source of employment in the East End.

Those who could afford to live in more pleasant surroundings moved out,and the area became one where the vast majority of people lived in extreme poverty,and suffered from appalling sanitary conditions.

That brief outline takes us to the beginning of the twentieth century,and now we’ll turn to housing.

At the beginning of the century,living conditions for the majority of working people in East London were very basic indeed.

Houses were crowded closely together and usually very badly built,because there was no regulation.

But the poor and needy were attracted by the possibility of work,and they had to be housed.

It was the availability,rather than the condition,of the housing that was the major concern for tenants and landlords alike.

Few houses had electricity at this time,so other sources of power were used,like coal for fires which heated perhaps just one room.

Of course,the smoke from these contributed a great deal to the air pollution for which London used to be famous.

A tiny damp,unhealthy house like this might well be occupied by two full families,possibly including several children,grandparents,aunts and uncles.

Now,before I go on to health implications of this way of life.

I'll say something about food and nutrition.

二、History of the East End听力中文翻译：

在过去的几周里，我们一直在关注伦敦社会历史的各个方面，今天上午我们继续关注伦敦东区的生活。

我将从该地区的简史开始，然后重点讲述二十世纪上半叶的生活。

早在公元一世纪到四世纪，罗马人控制了英格兰，伦敦发展成为一个有45000人的城镇，现在的东区是泰晤士河沿岸，从伦敦到海岸的东北方向的道路上有农田，农田里种着庄稼和牲畜，帮助养活了这些人。

公元410年，罗马人在五世纪初离开，从那时起，该国遭受了一系列来自当今德国和丹麦、盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人部落的入侵，其中许多人定居在东区。

他们引进的技术意味着金属和皮革制品首次在那里生产。

由于东区在河边，船只可以在那里和国外市场之间运输货物。

11世纪，确切地说，1066年，诺曼人征服了英格兰，在接下来的几个世纪里，伦敦成为欧洲最强大、最繁荣的城市之一。

东区从中受益，因为那里的限制比城市本身要少，很多新移民从国外来到这里定居，在接下来的几百年里，他们将自己的技能作为工人、商人或放债人带到了那里。

在16世纪，第一个码头被挖出来建造船只，最终使东区成为大规模国际贸易的焦点。

在16世纪末，当英格兰其他大部分地区经济困难时，许多农业工人来到东区寻找替代工作。

在17世纪，东区仍然是一系列独立的半农村居民点。

由于住房短缺，所以沼泽地被排干了水，并修建起来，以容纳大量现在居住在那里的人。

到19世纪，伦敦是世界上最繁忙的港口，成为东区的主要就业来源。

那些有能力生活在更舒适环境中的人搬走了，该地区成为了绝大多数人生活极端贫困、卫生条件恶劣的地区。

这个简短的提纲将我们带到二十世纪初，现在我们将转向住房。

在本世纪初，东伦敦大多数工人的生活条件确实非常基本。

由于没有规定，房屋拥挤不堪，通常建筑质量很差。

但是穷人和穷人被工作的可能性所吸引，他们不得不被安置。

房客和房东都主要关心的是住房的可用性，而不是条件。

当时几乎没有房子有电，所以使用了其他的能源，比如燃烧的煤，可能只加热一个房间。

当然，这些城市的烟雾在很大程度上造成了伦敦曾经以之闻名的空气污染。

像这样一个潮湿、不健康的小房子很可能由两个完整的家庭居住，可能包括几个孩子、祖父母、阿姨和叔叔。

现在，在我继续讨论这种生活方式对健康的影响之前。

我要谈谈食物和营养。

三、History of the East End听力问题：

Question 31-37

Complete the table below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.Social history of the East End of London

Period

Situation

1st-14th centuries

Produce from the area was used to the people of London.

5th-10th centuries

New technology allowed the production of goods made of and

11th century

Lack of in the East End encouraged the growth of businesses.

16th century

Construction of facilities for the building of stimulated international trade.

Agricultural workers came from other parts of to look for work.

17th century

Marshes were drained to provide land that could be on.

19th century

Inhabitants lived in conditions of great with very poor sanitation.

Question 38-40

Choose the THREE letters A-G.

Which THREE of the following problems are mentioned in connection with 20th century housing in the East End?

A.unsympathetic landlords

B.unclean water

C.heating problems

D.high rents

E.overcrowding

F.poor standards of building

G.houses catching fire

四、History of the East End听力答案：

31.feed

32.metal;leather;

33.restrictions

34.ships

35.England

36.built

37.poverty

38.C

39.E

40.F

五、History of the East End听力答案解析

Question 31 f e e d.通过上下文得知，空格处应填写动词。之前的名词produce意为“产物，农产品”，在原文中的替换是“crops and livestock”，考生听到what’s now the East End时，应注意后面应该有答案，因为这篇讲座的内容是East End。help之后出现重要动词feed，为答案。

Question 32 metal，leather.通过题干空格前的made of得知，空格中应填写表示物质的名词。the fifth century是路标词，technology是直接路标词。在technology之后听到metal and leather goods，goods也是路标词之一，该词之前的词应为答案。

Question 33 restrictions.大路标词是the eleventh century，之后East End是答案会出现的标志。题干中lack of最常见的替换是without，have no或there is/are few...，因此考生听到原文说There were fewer...时，应意识到后面的名词restrictions为答案。

Question 34 ships.通过空格前的the building of可以判断空格中应填写被建造的某物，在原文the sixteenth century之后听到ships were constructed，constructed与build同义，之前的名词ships为答案。

Question 35 England.通过题干判断空格中应填写地点名词。此题较难，考生需要理解整句后才能找到答案，路标词agricultural workers出现在答案之后，而这个词后的East End不是答案，原文说came to，而不是from。

Question 36 built.通过空格前could be得知空格中应填写动词的过去分词。marshland，drained为路标词。之后出现动词built，为答案。

Question 37 poverty.通过分析题目，得知空格中应填写抽象名词，如果考生熟悉一些常见的名词搭配，可以从上下文推断空格应填写有关居住环境的词，而后文的poor sanitation也说明环境很差。听到extreme，考生应该意识到该词与题干great同义，之后的poverty为答案。

Question 38～40 C,E,F.在介绍住房的这部分，考生首先听到crowded，与E选项overcrowding是同根词，因此先选择E；在同一句中听到badly built，选择有同根词building的F选项；之后又出现heated，与C选项heating同根。但是考生应注意排除G选项，catching fire意为“失火”，而原文是说用火来取暖。

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