Harriet Morrison Irwin托福听力原文翻译及问题答案

Harriet Morrison Irwin托福听力原文翻译及问题答案

一、Harriet Morrison Irwin托福听力原文：

NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in an architectural history class.MALE PROFESSOR:So last week we started our unit on residential architecture in the United States.So today we'll be surveying a number of architects who made contributions to residential architecture in the 19th century.

Now,it's worth noting that people who designed homes at that time probably had to deal with a certain amount of discouragement.Since there were other architects who thought it was more respectable to design the kind of buildings and maybe other structures that were less...less utilitarian in their function.In fact,an article from an 1876 issue of a journal called The American Architect and Building News stated that—and this is a quote—they stated that"the planning of houses isn't architecture at all..."!

So keep that journal article in mind as we look at the work of an architect named Harriet Morrison Irwin.Harriet Morrison Irwin was from the South,born in North Carolina in 1828.At the time,there weren't many architects from the southern United States.And as you might imagine,very few of them were women.So Irwin was really a pretty exceptional case.And she wasn't even formally trained as an architect.Her educational background was in literature.Yes,Vicky?FEMALE STUDENT:So she just had,like,a natural gift for architecture?MALE PROFESSOR:Yes.She was actually a writer for several years.But she did have a penchant for math and engineering,so...she read a lot about it on her own.Um,especially the architectural essays written by the British critic,John Ruskin.And John Ruskin believed...what?FEMALE STUDENT:Um,that buildings should have a lot of access to the outdoors,to nature.Ruskin said that being close to nature was great for people's mental and physical health.MALE PROFESSOR:Right!So that was an influence.Now,Harriet Irwin's contribution to architecture was relatively minor but still quite interesting and unique.She designed a house with a hexagonal shape.Josh?MALE STUDENT:A house with six sides...Instead of the standard,you know,four-sided home?MALE PROFESSOR:Yeah.The rooms inside the house were also hexagonal,six-sided.So one important thing was that the rooms were arranged around a chimney in the center of the house,which could provide heat for the whole house through flues,uh,small air passageways into each room,as opposed to having a fireplace in every room,which would require more cleaning and make the air inside the house dirtier.The house's shape also allowed for more windows.Each room had a large wall that could fit a couple of big windows,giving every room a nice view of the outdoors.

FEMALE STUDENT:Plus there would be good airflow through the house.MALE PROFESSOR:Yes.In warm weather when you can open all the windows.Good.The doors to the house as well...um,the house didn't have a"main entrance"or any horneds.So,there could be a couple of entry doors in different places,which like the windows,provided ready access to the outdoors.So,what other advantages might there be to hexagonal rooms?OK.Think about cleaning.What part of a room is usually the hardest to clean,like,to sweep with a broom?MALE STUDENT:Oh...the corners!Because in square or rectangular rooms,the corners are at ninety-degree angles.It's hard to reach all the dust that gathers in the corners.But if Irwin's rooms were closer to a circle than a square,it would be easier to reach all the dust and dirt with a broom.Right?MALE PROFESSOR:Exactly.Now...um,biographers who wrote about Irwin in the 19th century,I feel,sort of downplayed the ingenuity of her design.But I think if she had designed this house today,the same biographers would praise her for coming up with a floor plan that emphasized function,efficient function of a house,as well as a design that's creative and unique.

In any cases,three houses were built in Irwin's time that used her hexagonal design.And in 1869,when she was 41,Irwin became the first woman in the United States to receive a patent for an architectural design.And that speaks volumes if you ask me.

二、Harriet Morrison Irwin托福听力中文翻译：

旁白：请听一节建筑历史课的部分讲座。男教授：上周我们在美国开始了我们的住宅建筑单元。所以今天我们将调查一些19世纪对住宅建筑做出贡献的建筑师。

现在，值得注意的是，当时设计房屋的人可能不得不面对一定程度的挫折。因为还有其他建筑师认为设计这种建筑更值得尊敬，也许其他结构在功能上不那幺实用。事实上，1876年一期名为《美国建筑师与建筑新闻》的杂志上的一篇文章指出，这是他们引用的一句话，“房屋的规划根本不是建筑……”！

因此，当我们看到一位名叫哈里特·莫里森·欧文的建筑师的作品时，请记住这篇杂志文章。哈里特·莫里森·欧文（Harriet Morrison Irwin）来自南方，1828年出生于北卡罗来纳州。当时，美国南部的建筑师并不多。正如你所想象的，她们中很少有女性。所以欧文确实是一个非常特殊的案例。她甚至没有受过正式的建筑师培训。她的教育背景是文学。是的，维姬？女学生：所以她就有了建筑天赋？男教授：是的。事实上，她已经当了几年作家。但她确实对数学和工程有兴趣所以…她自己读了很多关于它的书。嗯，特别是英国评论家约翰·罗斯金写的建筑论文。约翰·罗斯金相信…什么？女学生：嗯，建筑物应该有很多通向户外和大自然的通道。拉斯金说，亲近自然对人们的身心健康非常有益。男教授：对！所以这是一种影响。现在，哈里特·欧文对建筑的贡献相对较小，但仍然非常有趣和独特。她设计了一座六边形的房子。乔希？男学生：有六个边的房子…而不是标准的，你知道，四个边的家？男教授：是的。房子里的房间也是六边形的。所以一件重要的事情是，房间被布置在房子中心的烟囱周围，它可以通过烟道，呃，进入每个房间的小空气通道为整个房子提供热量，而不是每个房间都有壁炉，这需要更多的清洁，使房子内的空气更脏。房子的形状也允许更多的窗户。每个房间都有一面大墙，可以装上几扇大窗户，让每个房间都能看到室外的美景。

女学生：另外，房子里会有很好的气流。男教授：是的。在温暖的天气下，你可以打开所有的窗户。好的房子的门…嗯，房子没有“正门”或走廊。因此，在不同的地方可能会有几个入口门，像窗户一样，可以随时进入室外。那么，六边形房间还有什么其他优势呢？好的，考虑一下清洁。房间的哪一部分通常最难打扫，比如用扫帚打扫？男学生：哦……角落！因为在正方形或矩形房间中，角是90度角。很难接触到角落里聚集的灰尘。但如果欧文的房间更接近圆形而不是正方形，那么用扫帚扫除灰尘和污垢就更容易了。正当男教授：没错。现在…嗯，我觉得19世纪写欧文的传记作者有点低估了她的设计的独创性。但我认为，如果她今天设计了这座房子，同样的传记作者也会称赞她提出了一个强调功能的平面图，一座房子的高效功能，以及一个创造性和独特的设计。

在任何情况下，欧文时代建造的三座房屋都采用了她的六边形设计。1869年，41岁的欧文成为美国第一位获得建筑设计专利的女性。如果你问我的话，这很有意义。

三、Harriet Morrison Irwin托福听力问题：

Q1:1.What are the speakers mainly discussing?

A.An architect from the United States and a house design she created

B.The disadvantage of houses based on a square design

C.Difficulties faced by residential architects in the nineteenth century

D.Women who had a major influence on architecture in the United States

Q2:2.Why does the professor quote from the journal The American Architect and Building News?

A.To point out a source of biographical information about Harriet Morrison Irwin

B.To emphasize his point that there were few southern U.S.architects in the nineteenth century

C.To support his assertion that nineteenth-century residential architects did not get enough respect

D.To point out that interest in southern U.S.architecture increased during the nineteenth century

Q3:3.What does the professor say about Irwin’s education in architecture?

A.She acquired knowledge through independent study.

B.She studied with an architect who helped her patent her design.

C.She was trained in architecture starting at a young age.

D.She was the first woman in the United States to attend architecture school.

Q4:4.What feature of Irwin’s design shows the influence of John Ruskin?

A.The size of the rooms

B.The length and shape of the horneds

C.The main entrance of the house

D.The placement of windows and doors

Q5:5.According to the professor,what interior features of the house Irwin designed were especially beneficial?[Click on 2answers.]

A.Circular rooms with windows in the ceiling

B.Floors that were easy to clean

C.A large,spacious common area

D.A single-fireplace system that heated the entire house

Q6:6.What does the professor imply about Irwin’s nineteenth-century biographers?

A.They were probably envious of her success.

B.They did not sufficiently value function in residential architecture.

C.They did not know much about architects from the southern United States.

D.They understood the difficulties faced by women architects.

四、Harriet Morrison Irwin托福听力答案：

A1:正确答案：A

A2:正确答案：C

A3:正确答案：A

A4:正确答案：D

A5:正确答案：BD

A6:正确答案：B

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