Copies of Greek Sculptures托福听力原文翻译及问题答案

Copies of Greek Sculptures托福听力原文翻译及问题答案

一、Copies of Greek Sculptures托福听力原文：

Narrator:Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.

Male Professor:Today,we'll continue our examination of ancient Roman sculpture.We've already looked at portrait sculpture–which are busts created to commemorate people who had died-and we've looked at relief sculpture,or sculpting on walls.And today we look at yet another category of sculpture-copies.Roman sculptors often made copies of famous Greek sculptures.Female Student:Why did they do that?Male Professor:Well,no one knows for sure.You see,in the late fourth century B.C.,the Romans began a campaign to expand the Roman Empire…and in 300 years they had conquered most of the Mediterranean area and parts of Europe.You know the saying,“To the victor belong the spoils?”Well,the Roman army returned to Rome with many works of Greek art.

It's probably fair to say that the Romans were impressed by Greek art and culture-and they began making copies of the Greek statues.Now,the dominant view in traditional art history is that Roman artists lacked creativity and skill,especially compared to the Greek artists who came before them.

Essentially,the traditional view–a view that's been prevalent for over 250 years–is that the Romans copied Greek sculptures because they couldn’t create sculpture of their own.But,finally,some contemporary art historians have challenged this view.One is Elaine Gazda.Male Professor:Gazda says that there might be other reasons that Romans made copies.She wasn’t convinced that it was because of a lack of creativity.Can anyone think of another possible reason?Male Student:Well…maybe they just admired the sculptures,you know,they liked the way they looked.Male Professor:Yes!That’s one of Gazda's points.Another is that while nowadays reproduction is easy,it was not so easy in Roman times.Copying statues required a lot of skill,time,and effort.So,Gazda hypothesizes that copying didn't indicate a lack of artistic imagination-or skill-on the part of Roman artists,but rather,the Romans made copies because they admired Greek sculpture.

Classical Greek statues represented an idealization of the human body and were considered quite beautiful at the time.Gazda also believes that it’s been a mistake to dismiss the Roman copies as,well,copies for copies'sake,and not to consider the Roman function and meaning of the statues.

Female Student:What do you mean…the Roman function?Weren't they just for decoration?Male Professor:Well,not necessarily.Under the emperor Augustus,at the height of the Roman Empire,portrait statues were sent throughout the empire…they were supposed to communicate specific ideas about the emperor and the imperial family,and to help inhabitants of the conquered areas become familiar with the Roman way of life.You know,Roman coins were also distributed throughout the empire.Anybody care to guess what was on them?Male Student:The emperor’s face?Male Professor:That’s right.The coins were easy to distribute,and they allowed people to see the emperor,or at least his likeness,and served as an additional reminder to let them know,well,who was in charge.And the images helped people become familiar with the emperor—statues of him in different roles were sent all over the empire.

Now,actually some Roman sculptures were original,but others were exact copies of Greek statues.And some Roman sculptures were combinations of some sort;some combined more than one Greek statue,and others combined a Greek god or an athlete with a Roman's head.At the time of Julius Caesar,it wasn’t uncommon to create statues that had the body of a god and the head of an emperor.

And the Romans were clever…what they did was,they made plaster casts from molds of the sculptures.Then,they shipped these plaster casts to workshops all over the empire,where they were replicated in marble or bronze.And on some statues the heads were removable–they could put an emperor's head on different bodies showing him doing different things.And then later,when the time came,they could even use the head of the next emperor on the same body!

二、Copies of Greek Sculptures托福听力中文翻译：

旁白：在艺术史课上听一节课的一部分。

男教授：今天，我们将继续学习古罗马雕塑。我们已经看过肖像雕塑，这是为了纪念逝者而创作的半身像，我们也看过浮雕或墙上的雕刻。今天我们来看看另一类雕塑复制品。罗马雕塑家经常复制著名的希腊雕塑。女学生：他们为什么这样做？男教授：嗯，没人确切知道。你看，在公元前四世纪末，罗马人开始了扩张罗马帝国的运动……在300年里，他们征服了大部分地中海地区和欧洲部分地区。你知道有句谚语：“战利品属于胜利者吗？”嗯，罗马军队带着许多希腊艺术品返回罗马。

可以公平地说，罗马人对希腊艺术和文化印象深刻，他们开始复制希腊雕像。现在，传统艺术史上的主流观点是，罗马艺术家缺乏创造力和技能，尤其是与之前的希腊艺术家相比。

从本质上讲，传统观点——一种流行了250多年的观点——是罗马人复制希腊雕塑，因为他们无法创造自己的雕塑。但最后，一些当代艺术历史学家对这一观点提出了质疑。一个是伊莱恩·加兹达。男教授：加兹达说，罗马人抄袭可能还有其他原因。她不相信这是因为缺乏创造力。有人能想出另一个可能的原因吗？男学生：嗯……也许他们只是欣赏这些雕塑，你知道，他们喜欢它们的样子。男教授：是的！这是加兹达的观点之一。另一个原因是，虽然现在复制很容易，但在罗马时代却不那么容易。复制雕像需要大量的技能、时间和努力。因此，加兹达假设，复制并不意味着罗马艺术家缺乏艺术想象力或技能，相反，罗马人复制作品是因为他们欣赏希腊雕塑。

古希腊雕像代表了人体的理想化，在当时被认为相当美丽。加兹达还认为，将罗马复制品视为复制品，而不考虑罗马雕像的功能和意义，是错误的。

女生：你说的罗马函数是什么意思？它们不只是为了装饰吗？男教授：嗯，不一定。在奥古斯都皇帝的统治下，在罗马帝国的鼎盛时期，肖像雕像被发送到整个帝国……它们被认为是为了传达关于皇帝和皇室的具体想法，并帮助被征服地区的居民熟悉罗马的生活方式。你知道，罗马货币也分布在整个帝国。有人想猜猜他们身上有什么吗？男学生：皇帝的脸？男教授：没错。这些硬币很容易分发，人们可以看到皇帝，或者至少是他的肖像，并作为一个额外的提醒，让他们知道，嗯，谁是负责人。这些图像帮助人们熟悉了皇帝，他扮演的不同角色的雕像传遍了整个帝国。

事实上，一些罗马雕塑是原创的，但另一些是希腊雕塑的复制品。一些罗马雕塑是某种组合；一些组合了不止一座希腊雕像，还有一些组合了希腊神或运动员和罗马人的头。在尤利乌斯·凯撒（Julius Caesar）时代，造像上有神的身体和皇帝的头像并不罕见。

罗马人很聪明……他们所做的是，他们用雕塑的模具制作石膏模型。然后，他们将这些石膏模型运到帝国各地的工作室，在那里用大理石或青铜复制。在一些雕像上，头是可移动的——他们可以把皇帝的头放在不同的身体上，显示他在做不同的事情。后来，当时机成熟时，他们甚至可以在同一具尸体上使用下一任皇帝的头！

三、Copies of Greek Sculptures托福听力问题：

Q1:1.What is the lecture mainly about?

A.Different views of a type of sculpture popular in ancient Roman times

B.Evidence that Romans had outstanding artistic ability

C.The differences between Greek sculpture and Roman sculpture

D.The relationship between art and politics in ancient Roman times

Q2:2.According to traditional art historians,why did the Romans copy Greek sculpture?

A.The Roman public was not interested in original works of art.

B.The Roman government did not support other forms of art.

C.Roman artists did not have sufficient skill to create original sculpture.

D.Romans wanted to imitate the art they admired.

Q3:3.What is Gazda's view of the Roman copies of Greek statues?

A.The copies represented the idea that Roman society was similar to Greek society.

B.The copies introduced the citizens of the Roman Empire to Greek history.

C.The copies were inferior to the original statues.

D.The copies had both artistic and political functions.

Q4:4.Why does the professor mention Roman coins?

A.To show the similarity between the likenesses of the emperor in statues and on coins

B.To illustrate the Roman policy of distributing the emperor s image throughout the empire

C.To imply that the citizens of the Roman Empire became quite wealthy

D.To suggest that the Romans also copied Greek art on their coins

Q5:5.According to the professor,why did the Romans sometimes remove the emperor's head from a statue?[Click on 2 answers.]

A.The head made the statue too heavy to transport.

B.The head was placed on the body of a different statue.

C.The emperor was no longer in power.

D.The emperor was not satisfied with the quality of the statue.

Q6:6.What does the professor imply when he says this:

A.Art historians frequently change their views.

B.The contemporary view is not easy to understand.

C.It is not difficult to determine why the Romans copied Greek sculptures.

D.The view of traditional art historians is probably incorrect.

四、Copies of Greek Sculptures托福听力答案：

A1:正确答案：A

A2:正确答案：C

A3:正确答案：D

A4:正确答案：B

A5:正确答案：BC

A6:正确答案：D

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