托福tpo50听力lecture2 The Classification of Creatures

托福tpo50听力lecture2 The Classification of Creatures，那么接下来就跟着中国教育在线的小编详细了解一下吧。

The Classification of Creatures托福听力原文翻译及问题答案

一、The Classification of Creatures托福听力原文：

Narrator:Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.FEMALE PROFESSOR:Ok.There are two major types of classifiers in the world:people we call“lumpers”and people we call“splitters.”A lumper is someone who tries to put as many things as possible in one category.Splitters like to look for the differences and put things in as many different categories as possible.

Both lumpers and splitters work in the business of defining biological classifications.The Greek philosopher Aristotle is generally considered the first person to systematically categorize things.He divided all living things into two groups—they were either animal or vegetable.And these categories are what biologists came to call kingdoms.So if it ran around it was an animal...a member of the animal kingdom,and if it stood still and grew in the soil it was a plant...a member of the plant kingdom.This system–organizing all life into these two kingdoms–worked very well for quite a while,even into the age of the microscope.With the invention of the microscope in the late 1500s,we discovered the first microorganisms;we saw that some wiggled and moved around and others were green and just sat there.So the ones that moved like animals were classified as animals,and the more plant-like ones as plants. Oh,before I go on,I must mention Carolus Linnaeus…kah-ROE-lus Li-NAY-us.A hundred years or so after the invention of the microscope,Carolus Linnaeus devised a simple and practical system for classifying living things,according to the ranks of categorization still in use today—class,order,family,and so on.

And by far the best aspect of Linnaeus’system is the general use of binomial nomenclature—having just two names to describe any living organism.This replaced the use of long descriptive names,as well as common names which vary from place to place and language to language.Binomial nomenclature gives every species a unique and stable two-word name,agreed upon by biologists worldwide.But not everything about this system remained unchanged.Take,for example,the mushroom...a fungus.It grew up from the ground and looked like a plant.So it was classified as a plant.But using the microscope,we discovered that a fungus contains these microscopic thread-like cells that run all over the place.and so it’s actually not that plant-like.So in this case,the splitters eventually won,and got a third kingdom just for the fungus.And as microscopes improved,we discovered some micro-organisms that were incredibly small.I’m talking about bacteria.And we could see that they didn’t have what we’d call a nucleus,so they got their own kingdom—a kingdom of very tiny things without nuclei.So then we had separate kingdoms for plants,and for animals.And the different kinds of fungus,like mushrooms.And for these tiny bacteria.But we also had some other micro-organisms that didn’t fit anywhere.So biologists gave them their own kingdom,and this fifth kingdom was sort of an anything-that-doesn’t-fit-in-the-first-four kingdom,which upset some people.And then there was the question of viruses.Viruses have some characteristics of life,but don't reproduce on their own or use energy.So we still don’t know what to do with them.The lumpers want to keep viruses in the current system.Some of the splitters say to give them a separate kingdom;and the extreme splitters say that viruses have nothing at all to do with living things and“keep them out of my department.”Recent research,though,has moved us in yet another direction.Nowadays when we want to determine the characteristics of something,we look at its biochemistry and its genetic material.And what we've discovered is that some bacteria are not like the others.Many of these are called“extremophiles”EXTREME uh files.They live in very strange places—in polar ice,or in the boiling water of hot springs;or in water so salty other organisms couldn't live there.Extremophiles tend to have a different chemistry from other bacteria,a chemistry that,in some cases,is actually more related to plants and animals than to previously known bacteria.So,what to do with these strange bacteria?

Well,one thing we've done is create a new set of categories—the domains—overarching the different kingdoms.Biologists now recognize three domains.But even as we talk about these new domains,well…come back in a few years and it might all be different.

二、The Classification of Creatures托福听力中文翻译：

旁白：在生物课上听讲座的一部分。女教授：好的。世界上有两种主要类型的分类器：我们称之为“集总器”的人和我们称其为“拆分器”的人们。集总器是指试图将尽可能多的事物放在一个类别中的人。分裂者喜欢寻找差异，并将事物尽可能多地分为不同的类别。

集总器和拆分器都在定义生物分类方面发挥作用。希腊哲学家亚里士多德通常被认为是第一个对事物进行系统分类的人。他把所有的生物分为两组，一组是动物，另一组是蔬菜。生物学家把这些类别称为王国。因此，如果它在周围奔跑，它是一种动物……动物王国的成员，如果它静止不动，在土壤中生长，它是植物……植物王国的成员。这一系统——将所有生命组织成这两个王国——在相当长的一段时间内运行得很好，甚至到了显微镜时代。随着16世纪末显微镜的发明，我们发现了第一批微生物；我们看到一些人扭动着四处走动，其他人则是绿色的，只是坐在那里。因此，那些像动物一样移动的动物被归类为动物，而更像植物的则被归类为植物&nbsp；哦，在我继续之前，我必须提到卡洛斯·林奈……卡·罗·卢斯·李·奈。显微镜发明大约一百年后，卡洛斯·林奈（Carolus Linnaeus）设计了一个简单实用的系统，根据至今仍在使用的分类等级——阶级、秩序、家庭等等，对生物进行分类。

到目前为止，林奈系统最好的方面是一般使用二项式命名法——只有两个名字来描述任何生物。这取代了长描述性名称的使用，以及因地点和语言而异的通用名称。二项式命名法为每个物种提供了一个独特而稳定的两个单词的名称，得到了世界各地生物学家的认可。但并非所有关于这个系统的内容都保持不变。例如，蘑菇……一种真菌。它从地上长出来，看起来像一棵植物。所以它被归类为植物。但使用显微镜，我们发现真菌中含有这些微小的线状细胞，它们遍布整个地方。所以它实际上不是那种植物。因此，在这种情况下，分裂者最终获胜，并为真菌获得了第三个王国。随着显微镜的改进，我们发现了一些非常小的微生物。我说的是细菌。我们可以看到它们没有我们所说的原子核，所以它们有自己的王国——一个没有原子核的非常微小的东西的王国。因此，我们有不同的植物王国和动物王国。还有不同种类的真菌，比如蘑菇。对于这些微小的细菌。但我们也有一些其他的微生物，不适合任何地方。所以生物学家给了他们自己的王国，而这第五个王国是一个不属于第一个王国的任何东西，这让一些人感到不安。然后是病毒的问题。病毒具有生命的某些特征，但不能自行繁殖或利用能量。所以我们仍然不知道该怎么处理它们。流氓们想在当前系统中保留病毒。一些分裂者说要给他们一个独立的王国；而极端分裂分子则表示，病毒与生物毫无关系，“让它们远离我的部门”。然而，最近的研究又将我们推向了另一个方向。如今，当我们想确定某事物的特征时，我们会看它的生物化学和遗传物质。我们发现有些细菌与其他细菌不同。其中许多被称为“极端微生物”EXTREME uh文件。它们生活在非常奇怪的地方——极地冰层中，或温泉的沸水中；或者在如此咸的水中，其他生物无法在那里生存。嗜极细胞往往具有与其他细菌不同的化学性质，在某些情况下，这种化学性质实际上与动植物比以前已知的细菌更为相关。那么，如何处理这些奇怪的细菌呢？

嗯，我们做的一件事是创建一组新的类别，即覆盖不同王国的领域。生物学家现在认识三个领域。但即使在我们谈论这些新领域的时候，好吧……几年后回来，一切都可能不同。

三、The Classification of Creatures托福听力问题：

1.What is the lecture mainly about?

A.The importance of classifying living organisms

B.The history of biological classification

C.The impact of the microscope on biological classification

D.The naming of newly discovered organisms

2.Why does the professor describe“lumpers”and“splitters”?

A.To emphasize one difference between early and modern biologists

B.To point out that early biological classifications were not based on scientific principles

C.To give examples of categories in early biological classification systems

D.To identify approaches that have shaped the development of biological classification systems

3.What can be inferred about biologists before the time of Carolus Linnaeus?

A.They did not agree on the names of many living things.

B.Very few of them used microscopes.

C.They were puzzled by the discovery of microorganisms that lacked a nucleus.

D.They had to be fluent in several languages in order to publish their research.

4.What does the professor mention as two characteristics of extremophiles?[Click on 2 answers.]

A.They live in harsh environments.

B.They are much larger than most other types of bacteria.

C.In their structure,they may resemble viruses.

D.In their biochemistry,they may be similar to plants and animals.

5.What is the professor's attitude toward the current system of biological classification?

A.She is surprised that biologists have not changed the system for so many years.

B.She is upset that so many unnecessary distinctions have been added.

C.She is not confident that the system has been finalized.

D.She is eager for biologists to adopt a completely new system.

6.What does the professor imply when she says this:(Professor)With the invention of the microscope in the late 1500s,we discovered the first microorganisms;we saw that some wiggled and moved around and others were green and just sat there.So the ones that moved like animals were classified as animals,and the more plant-like ones as plants.

A.The microscope was developed specifically for the purpose of studying and classifying microorganisms.

B.The invention of the microscope enabled scientists to confirm predictions about the characteristics of microorganisms.

C.Organisms discovered with early microscopes were classified according to categories that Aristotle established.

D.Microscopes helped scientists clarify distinctions between the plant kingdom and the animal kingdom.

四、The Classification of Creatures托福听力答案：

A1:正确答案：B

A2:正确答案：D

A3:正确答案：A

A4:正确答案：AD

A5:正确答案：C

A6:正确答案：C

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